Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Middle-Aged Men

Lora A. Plaskon; David F. Penson; Thomas L. Vaughan; Janet L. Stanford

DOI: Published July 2003

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Table 1

Selected characteristics of prostate cancer cases and controls

Characteristics	Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)
Age, (yr)
40–49	46 (6)	58 (8)
50–54	150 (20)	138 (20)
55–59	257 (34)	264 (38)
60–64	300 (40)	243 (35)
Race
Caucasian	707 (94)	685 (97)
African American	46 (6)	18 (3)
Family history CAP^a
No	613 (81)	634 (90)
Yes	140 (19)	99 (10)
Education
High school or less	162 (22)	133 (19)
Some college	210 (28)	191 (27)
College degree	202 (27)	192 (27)
Graduate degree	179 (24)	187 (27)
Annual income, $ United States
<30,000	106 (14)	91 (13)
30,000–50,000	171 (23)	170 (24)
50,000–75,000	192 (26)	190 (27)
>75,000	274 (36)	243 (35)
Unknown	10 (1)	9 (1)
Weekly exercise
None	149 (20)	107 (15)
<1	173 (23)	203 (29)
2–3	249 (33)	229 (33)
4–6	132 (18)	119 (17)
>6	50 (7)	45 (6)
Percentage of calories from fat
≤30	126 (17)	138 (20)
31–37	181 (24)	152 (22)
38–42	159 (21)	151 (22)
≥43	149 (20)	153 (22)
Missing	138 (18)	109 (16)
Cruciferous vegetable/week
<1	201 (27)	166 (24)
1–3	265 (35)	243 (35)
>3	149 (20)	185 (26)
Missing	138 (18)	109 (16)
Alcoholic drinks/week
None	72 (10)	86 (12)
≤3	169 (22)	146 (21)
4–7	153 (20)	163 (23)
8–14	167 (22)	145 (21)
15–35	144 (19)	123 (17)
>35	48 (6)	40 (6)
History of PSA testing^b
No	218 (29)	464 (66)
Yes	535 (71)	239 (34)
History of BPH^c
No	500 (66)	581 (83)
Yes	253 (34)	122 (17)

^a First-degree relative with prostate cancer.
^b PSA test done >1 year before reference date.
^c History of BPH.

Table 2

ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking

Smoking variable	Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)	OR^a (95% CI)
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	281 (37)	266 (38)	Referent
Former smoker	349 (46)	322 (46)	1.0 (0.8–1.3)
Current smoker	123 (16)	115 (16)	1.4 (1.0–2.0)
Smoking duration (yr)^b
Nonsmokers	281 (38)	266 (38)	Referent
<10	73 (10)	68 (10)	0.9 (0.6–1.4)
10–19	113 (15)	100 (14)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
20–29	89 (12)	98 (14)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
30–39	111 (14)	103 (14)	1.3 (0.9–1.8)
≥40	86 (11)	68 (10)	1.5 (1.0–2.2)
Cigarettes/day^c
Nonsmokers	281 (37)	266 (38)	Referent
1–10	91 (12)	75 (11)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
11–20	216 (29)	230 (33)	1.0 (0.8–1.3)
21–30	74 (10)	75 (11)	1.1 (0.7–1.7)
31–40	62 (8)	37 (5)	1.8 (1.1–2.9)
>40	29 (4)	20 (3)	1.5 (0.8–2.8)
Pack-years of smoking^d
Nonsmoker	281 (37)	266 (38)	Referent
≤10	122 (16)	93 (13)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
11–20	65 (9)	92 (13)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)
21–30	72 (10)	76 (11)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
31–40	73 (10)	73 (10)	1.1 (0.8–1.7)
>40	140 (19)	103 (15)	1.6 (1.1–2.2)
Years since smoking cessation^e
Nonsmoker	281 (37)	266 (38)	Referent
Current smoker	123 (16)	115 (16)	1.4 (1.0–2.0)
<10	80 (11)	73 (10)	1.2 (0.8–1.7)
10–19	98 (13)	94 (13)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
20–29	95 (13)	86 (12)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
≥30	76 (10)	69 (10)	0.8 (0.6–1.2)

^a ORs adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and history of BPH.
^b Trend test for smoking duration P = 0.07.
^c Trend test for cigarettes per day P = 0.09.
^d Pack-years = years smoked × cigarettes/day / 20; trend test for pack-years of smoking P = 0.03.
^e Trend test for years since smoking cessation P = 0.02.

Table 3

ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking, stratified by disease aggressiveness

Smoking exposure	Controls, n	Cases, n Less aggressive	Cases, n More aggressive	OR^a (95% CI) Less aggressive	OR^a (95% CI) More aggressive
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
Former smoker	322	220	129	0.9 (0.7–1.2)	1.3 (0.9–1.8)
Current smoker	115	81	42	1.4 (1.0–2.0)	1.5 (1.0–2.4)
Smoking duration (yr)
Nonsmoker	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
<10	68	49	24	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	1.1 (0.6–1.8)
10–19	100	76	37	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	1.2 (0.7–1.9)
20–29	98	52	37	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	1.3 (0.8–2.1)
30–39	103	70	41	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	1.5 (1.0–2.4)
≥40	68	54	32	1.3 (0.8–2.0)	1.8 (1.1–3.1)
Cigarettes/day
Nonsmokers	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
1–10	75	53	38	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	1.6 (1.0–2.5)
11–20	230	144	72	0.9 (0.7–1.3)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
21–30	75	48	26	1.0 (0.7–1.6)	1.3 (0.8–2.2)
31–40	37	38	24	1.6 (0.9–2.7)	2.3 (1.3–4.1)
>40	20	18	11	1.3 (0.6–2.6)	1.9 (0.8–4.2)
Pack-years
Nonsmoker	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
≤10	93	82	40	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	1.3 (0.8–2.0)
11–20	92	42	23	0.7 (0.4–1.1)	0.9 (0.5–1.5)
21–30	76	39	33	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	1.5 (0.9–2.4)
31–40	73	52	21	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	1.1 (0.6–1.9)
>40	103	86	54	1.4 (1.0–2.0)	2.0 (1.3–3.1)
Years since cessation
Nonsmoker	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
Current smoker	115	81	42	1.4 (1.0–2.0)	1.5 (1.0–2.4)
<10	73	45	35	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	1.7 (1.0–2.7)
10–19	94	61	37	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	1.4 (0.9–2.2)
20–29	86	59	36	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	1.3 (0.8–2.1)
≥30	69	55	21	0.8 (0.5–1.3)	0.8 (0.5–1.4)
Age first smoked
Nonsmoker	266	197	84	Referent	Referent
≤15 years	128	96	70	1.1 (0.8–1.5)	1.8 (1.2–2.7)
16–17 years	104	76	38	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	1.3 (0.8–2.1)
18–19 years	105	74	33	1.1 (0.7–1.6)	1.1 (0.7–1.8)
≥20 years	100	55	30	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	1.0 (0.6–1.7)