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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Research Articles

Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Middle-Aged Men

Lora A. Plaskon, David F. Penson, Thomas L. Vaughan and Janet L. Stanford
Lora A. Plaskon
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David F. Penson
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Thomas L. Vaughan
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Janet L. Stanford
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DOI:  Published July 2003
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Tables

  • Table 1

    Selected characteristics of prostate cancer cases and controls

    CharacteristicsCases, n (%)Controls, n (%)
    Age, (yr)
     40–4946 (6)58 (8)
     50–54150 (20)138 (20)
     55–59257 (34)264 (38)
     60–64300 (40)243 (35)
    Race
     Caucasian707 (94)685 (97)
     African American46 (6)18 (3)
    Family history CAPa
     No613 (81)634 (90)
     Yes140 (19)99 (10)
    Education
     High school or less162 (22)133 (19)
     Some college210 (28)191 (27)
     College degree202 (27)192 (27)
     Graduate degree179 (24)187 (27)
    Annual income, $ United States
     <30,000106 (14)91 (13)
     30,000–50,000171 (23)170 (24)
     50,000–75,000192 (26)190 (27)
     >75,000274 (36)243 (35)
     Unknown10 (1)9 (1)
    Weekly exercise
     None149 (20)107 (15)
     <1173 (23)203 (29)
     2–3249 (33)229 (33)
     4–6132 (18)119 (17)
     >650 (7)45 (6)
    Percentage of calories from fat
     ≤30126 (17)138 (20)
     31–37181 (24)152 (22)
     38–42159 (21)151 (22)
     ≥43149 (20)153 (22)
     Missing138 (18)109 (16)
    Cruciferous vegetable/week
     <1201 (27)166 (24)
     1–3265 (35)243 (35)
     >3149 (20)185 (26)
     Missing138 (18)109 (16)
    Alcoholic drinks/week
     None72 (10)86 (12)
     ≤3169 (22)146 (21)
     4–7153 (20)163 (23)
     8–14167 (22)145 (21)
     15–35144 (19)123 (17)
     >3548 (6)40 (6)
    History of PSA testingb
     No218 (29)464 (66)
     Yes535 (71)239 (34)
    History of BPHc
     No500 (66)581 (83)
     Yes253 (34)122 (17)
    • a First-degree relative with prostate cancer.

    • b PSA test done >1 year before reference date.

    • c History of BPH.

  • Table 2

    ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking

    Smoking variableCases, n (%)Controls, n (%)ORa (95% CI)
    Smoking status
     Nonsmoker281 (37)266 (38)Referent
     Former smoker349 (46)322 (46)1.0 (0.8–1.3)
     Current smoker123 (16)115 (16)1.4 (1.0–2.0)
    Smoking duration (yr)b
     Nonsmokers281 (38)266 (38)Referent
     <1073 (10)68 (10)0.9 (0.6–1.4)
     10–19113 (15)100 (14)1.1 (0.8–1.5)
     20–2989 (12)98 (14)1.0 (0.7–1.4)
     30–39111 (14)103 (14)1.3 (0.9–1.8)
     ≥4086 (11)68 (10)1.5 (1.0–2.2)
    Cigarettes/dayc
     Nonsmokers281 (37)266 (38)Referent
     1–1091 (12)75 (11)1.1 (0.8–1.6)
     11–20216 (29)230 (33)1.0 (0.8–1.3)
     21–3074 (10)75 (11)1.1 (0.7–1.7)
     31–4062 (8)37 (5)1.8 (1.1–2.9)
     >4029 (4)20 (3)1.5 (0.8–2.8)
    Pack-years of smokingd
     Nonsmoker281 (37)266 (38)Referent
     ≤10122 (16)93 (13)1.1 (0.8–1.6)
     11–2065 (9)92 (13)0.7 (0.5–1.1)
     21–3072 (10)76 (11)1.0 (0.7–1.5)
     31–4073 (10)73 (10)1.1 (0.8–1.7)
     >40140 (19)103 (15)1.6 (1.1–2.2)
    Years since smoking cessatione
     Nonsmoker281 (37)266 (38)Referent
     Current smoker123 (16)115 (16)1.4 (1.0–2.0)
     <1080 (11)73 (10)1.2 (0.8–1.7)
     10–1998 (13)94 (13)1.1 (0.8–1.6)
     20–2995 (13)86 (12)1.0 (0.7–1.5)
     ≥3076 (10)69 (10)0.8 (0.6–1.2)
    • a ORs adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and history of BPH.

    • b Trend test for smoking duration P = 0.07.

    • c Trend test for cigarettes per day P = 0.09.

    • d Pack-years = years smoked × cigarettes/day / 20; trend test for pack-years of smoking P = 0.03.

    • e Trend test for years since smoking cessation P = 0.02.

  • Table 3

    ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking, stratified by disease aggressiveness

    Smoking exposureControls, nCases, n Less aggressiveCases, n More aggressiveORa (95% CI) Less aggressiveORa (95% CI) More aggressive
    Smoking status
     Nonsmoker26619784ReferentReferent
     Former smoker3222201290.9 (0.7–1.2)1.3 (0.9–1.8)
     Current smoker11581421.4 (1.0–2.0)1.5 (1.0–2.4)
    Smoking duration (yr)
     Nonsmoker26619784ReferentReferent
     <106849240.9 (0.6–1.4)1.1 (0.6–1.8)
     10–1910076371.0 (0.7–1.5)1.2 (0.7–1.9)
     20–299852370.8 (0.5–1.2)1.3 (0.8–2.1)
     30–3910370411.2 (0.8–1.7)1.5 (1.0–2.4)
     ≥406854321.3 (0.8–2.0)1.8 (1.1–3.1)
    Cigarettes/day
     Nonsmokers26619784ReferentReferent
     1–107553380.9 (0.6–1.4)1.6 (1.0–2.5)
     11–20230144720.9 (0.7–1.3)1.1 (0.8–1.6)
     21–307548261.0 (0.7–1.6)1.3 (0.8–2.2)
     31–403738241.6 (0.9–2.7)2.3 (1.3–4.1)
     >402018111.3 (0.6–2.6)1.9 (0.8–4.2)
    Pack-years
     Nonsmoker26619784ReferentReferent
     ≤109382401.1 (0.8–1.6)1.3 (0.8–2.0)
     11–209242230.7 (0.4–1.1)0.9 (0.5–1.5)
     21–307639330.8 (0.5–1.2)1.5 (0.9–2.4)
     31–407352211.2 (0.8–1.8)1.1 (0.6–1.9)
     >4010386541.4 (1.0–2.0)2.0 (1.3–3.1)
    Years since cessation
     Nonsmoker26619784ReferentReferent
     Current smoker11581421.4 (1.0–2.0)1.5 (1.0–2.4)
     <107345350.9 (0.6–1.4)1.7 (1.0–2.7)
     10–199461371.0 (0.7–1.5)1.4 (0.9–2.2)
     20–298659360.9 (0.6–1.4)1.3 (0.8–2.1)
     ≥306955210.8 (0.5–1.3)0.8 (0.5–1.4)
    Age first smoked
     Nonsmoker26619784ReferentReferent
     ≤15 years12896701.1 (0.8–1.5)1.8 (1.2–2.7)
     16–17 years10476381.2 (0.8–1.7)1.3 (0.8–2.1)
     18–19 years10574331.1 (0.7–1.6)1.1 (0.7–1.8)
     ≥20 years10055300.8 (0.5–1.2)1.0 (0.6–1.7)
    • a ORs adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and history of BPH.

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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention: 12 (7)
July 2003
Volume 12, Issue 7
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Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Middle-Aged Men
Lora A. Plaskon, David F. Penson, Thomas L. Vaughan and Janet L. Stanford
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2003 (12) (7) 604-609;

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Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Middle-Aged Men
Lora A. Plaskon, David F. Penson, Thomas L. Vaughan and Janet L. Stanford
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev July 1 2003 (12) (7) 604-609;
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