Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Selected characteristics of prostate cancer cases and controls
Characteristics Cases, n (%) Controls, n (%) Age, (yr) 40–49 46 (6) 58 (8) 50–54 150 (20) 138 (20) 55–59 257 (34) 264 (38) 60–64 300 (40) 243 (35) Race Caucasian 707 (94) 685 (97) African American 46 (6) 18 (3) Family history CAPa No 613 (81) 634 (90) Yes 140 (19) 99 (10) Education High school or less 162 (22) 133 (19) Some college 210 (28) 191 (27) College degree 202 (27) 192 (27) Graduate degree 179 (24) 187 (27) Annual income, $ United States <30,000 106 (14) 91 (13) 30,000–50,000 171 (23) 170 (24) 50,000–75,000 192 (26) 190 (27) >75,000 274 (36) 243 (35) Unknown 10 (1) 9 (1) Weekly exercise None 149 (20) 107 (15) <1 173 (23) 203 (29) 2–3 249 (33) 229 (33) 4–6 132 (18) 119 (17) >6 50 (7) 45 (6) Percentage of calories from fat ≤30 126 (17) 138 (20) 31–37 181 (24) 152 (22) 38–42 159 (21) 151 (22) ≥43 149 (20) 153 (22) Missing 138 (18) 109 (16) Cruciferous vegetable/week <1 201 (27) 166 (24) 1–3 265 (35) 243 (35) >3 149 (20) 185 (26) Missing 138 (18) 109 (16) Alcoholic drinks/week None 72 (10) 86 (12) ≤3 169 (22) 146 (21) 4–7 153 (20) 163 (23) 8–14 167 (22) 145 (21) 15–35 144 (19) 123 (17) >35 48 (6) 40 (6) History of PSA testingb No 218 (29) 464 (66) Yes 535 (71) 239 (34) History of BPHc No 500 (66) 581 (83) Yes 253 (34) 122 (17) -
a First-degree relative with prostate cancer.
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b PSA test done >1 year before reference date.
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c History of BPH.
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- Table 2
ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking
Smoking variable Cases, n (%) Controls, n (%) ORa (95% CI) Smoking status Nonsmoker 281 (37) 266 (38) Referent Former smoker 349 (46) 322 (46) 1.0 (0.8–1.3) Current smoker 123 (16) 115 (16) 1.4 (1.0–2.0) Smoking duration (yr)b Nonsmokers 281 (38) 266 (38) Referent <10 73 (10) 68 (10) 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 10–19 113 (15) 100 (14) 1.1 (0.8–1.5) 20–29 89 (12) 98 (14) 1.0 (0.7–1.4) 30–39 111 (14) 103 (14) 1.3 (0.9–1.8) ≥40 86 (11) 68 (10) 1.5 (1.0–2.2) Cigarettes/dayc Nonsmokers 281 (37) 266 (38) Referent 1–10 91 (12) 75 (11) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 11–20 216 (29) 230 (33) 1.0 (0.8–1.3) 21–30 74 (10) 75 (11) 1.1 (0.7–1.7) 31–40 62 (8) 37 (5) 1.8 (1.1–2.9) >40 29 (4) 20 (3) 1.5 (0.8–2.8) Pack-years of smokingd Nonsmoker 281 (37) 266 (38) Referent ≤10 122 (16) 93 (13) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 11–20 65 (9) 92 (13) 0.7 (0.5–1.1) 21–30 72 (10) 76 (11) 1.0 (0.7–1.5) 31–40 73 (10) 73 (10) 1.1 (0.8–1.7) >40 140 (19) 103 (15) 1.6 (1.1–2.2) Years since smoking cessatione Nonsmoker 281 (37) 266 (38) Referent Current smoker 123 (16) 115 (16) 1.4 (1.0–2.0) <10 80 (11) 73 (10) 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 10–19 98 (13) 94 (13) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 20–29 95 (13) 86 (12) 1.0 (0.7–1.5) ≥30 76 (10) 69 (10) 0.8 (0.6–1.2) -
a ORs adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and history of BPH.
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b Trend test for smoking duration P = 0.07.
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c Trend test for cigarettes per day P = 0.09.
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d Pack-years = years smoked × cigarettes/day / 20; trend test for pack-years of smoking P = 0.03.
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e Trend test for years since smoking cessation P = 0.02.
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- Table 3
ORs and 95% CIs for prostate cancer associated with cigarette smoking, stratified by disease aggressiveness
Smoking exposure Controls, n Cases, n Less aggressive Cases, n More aggressive ORa (95% CI) Less aggressive ORa (95% CI) More aggressive Smoking status Nonsmoker 266 197 84 Referent Referent Former smoker 322 220 129 0.9 (0.7–1.2) 1.3 (0.9–1.8) Current smoker 115 81 42 1.4 (1.0–2.0) 1.5 (1.0–2.4) Smoking duration (yr) Nonsmoker 266 197 84 Referent Referent <10 68 49 24 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 1.1 (0.6–1.8) 10–19 100 76 37 1.0 (0.7–1.5) 1.2 (0.7–1.9) 20–29 98 52 37 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 1.3 (0.8–2.1) 30–39 103 70 41 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 1.5 (1.0–2.4) ≥40 68 54 32 1.3 (0.8–2.0) 1.8 (1.1–3.1) Cigarettes/day Nonsmokers 266 197 84 Referent Referent 1–10 75 53 38 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 1.6 (1.0–2.5) 11–20 230 144 72 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 21–30 75 48 26 1.0 (0.7–1.6) 1.3 (0.8–2.2) 31–40 37 38 24 1.6 (0.9–2.7) 2.3 (1.3–4.1) >40 20 18 11 1.3 (0.6–2.6) 1.9 (0.8–4.2) Pack-years Nonsmoker 266 197 84 Referent Referent ≤10 93 82 40 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 1.3 (0.8–2.0) 11–20 92 42 23 0.7 (0.4–1.1) 0.9 (0.5–1.5) 21–30 76 39 33 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 1.5 (0.9–2.4) 31–40 73 52 21 1.2 (0.8–1.8) 1.1 (0.6–1.9) >40 103 86 54 1.4 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.3–3.1) Years since cessation Nonsmoker 266 197 84 Referent Referent Current smoker 115 81 42 1.4 (1.0–2.0) 1.5 (1.0–2.4) <10 73 45 35 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 1.7 (1.0–2.7) 10–19 94 61 37 1.0 (0.7–1.5) 1.4 (0.9–2.2) 20–29 86 59 36 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 1.3 (0.8–2.1) ≥30 69 55 21 0.8 (0.5–1.3) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) Age first smoked Nonsmoker 266 197 84 Referent Referent ≤15 years 128 96 70 1.1 (0.8–1.5) 1.8 (1.2–2.7) 16–17 years 104 76 38 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 1.3 (0.8–2.1) 18–19 years 105 74 33 1.1 (0.7–1.6) 1.1 (0.7–1.8) ≥20 years 100 55 30 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 1.0 (0.6–1.7) -
a ORs adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, history of PSA testing >1 year before reference date, and history of BPH.
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