Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Time to diagnosis of lung cancer by sputum cytology findings among 2006 members of the University of Colorado Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence Cohort.
Tables
- Table 1
Characteristics of 2006 cohort members and the association between selected factors and cytological finding from the baseline sputum sample, University of Colorado Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence cohort, 1993–2001a
Cohort characteristics Baseline sputum cytological reading Unreadable Normal or squamous metaplasia Mild atypia Moderate atypia Worse than moderate atypia Moderate atypia or worse n % n % n % n % n % n % n % Total cohort 2006 100 234 11.7 438 21.8 980 48.8 322 16.1 32 1.6 354 17.7 Gender Female 597 29.7 82 13.7 138 23.1 290 48.6 82 13.7 5 0.8 87 14.6 Male 1409 70.3 152 10.8 300 21.3 690 49.0 240 17.0 27 1.9 267 19.0 Age 30–59 years 424 21.1 36 8.5 86 20.3 221 52.1 74 17.5 7 1.7 81 19.1 60–69 years 793 39.4 88 11.1 181 22.8 390 49.2 122 15.4 12 1.5 134 16.9 70+ years 789 39.3 110 13.9 171 21.7 369 46.8 126 16.0 13 1.7 139 17.6 Race/ethnicity Caucasian 1867 93.1 215 11.5 418 22.4 910 48.7 297 15.9 27 1.5 324 17.4 Hispanic 61 3.0 8 13.1 6 9.8 31 50.8 15 24.6 1 1.6 16 26.2 African American 53 2.6 7 13.2 9 17.0 23 43.4 10 18.9 4 7.6 14 26.4 Asian, Native American, Other 25 1.3 4 16.0 5 20.0 16 64.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Lifetime smoking Quartile 1 < 43 pack-years 448 22.3 47 10.5 99 22.1 235 52.5 61 13.6 6 1.3 67 15.0 Quartile 2 43–54 pack-years 474 23.6 60 12.7 102 21.5 214 45.2 88 18.6 10 2.1 98 20.7 Quartile 3 55–80 pack-years 591 29.5 70 11.8 132 22.3 289 48.9 95 16.1 5 0.9 100 16.9 Quartile 4 ≥ 81 pack-years 493 24.6 57 11.6 105 21.3 242 49.1 78 15.8 11 2.2 89 18.1 Smoking status Current smoker 819 40.8 70 8.6 154 18.8 428 52.3 150 18.3 17 2.1 167 20.4 Former smoker 1187 59.2 164 13.8 284 23.9 552 46.5 172 14.5 15 1.3 187 15.8 - Table 2
The association between selected risk factors and sputum cytology in the baseline sample from the 1010 subjects who completed a full risk factor questionnaire, University of Colorado Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence cohort, 1993–2001.
Risk factor Total sample na (%) Sputum cytologyb Odds ratios for moderate atypia or worse, compared to normal cytology Normal n (%) Squamous metaplasia and mild atypia n (%) Moderate atypia or worse n (%) Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval) Multivariate-adjusted odds ratioc (95% confidence interval) All study subjects 1005 (100) 261 (26.0) 602 (59.9) 142 (14.1) Gender Female 284 (28.3) 77 (27.1) 171 (60.2) 36 (12.7) 1.0 1.0 Male 721 (71.7) 184 (25.5) 431 (59.8) 106 (14.7) 1.23 (0.78–1.96) 1.15 (0.69–1.91) Age 30–59 years 213 (21.2) 41 (19.2) 138 (64.8) 34 (16.0) 1.0 1.0 60–69 years 378 (37.4) 102 (27.1) 231 (56.7) 61 (16.2) 0.72 (0.41–1.26) 0.79 (0.44–1.44) 70+ years 416 (41.4) 118 (28.4) 251 (60.3) 47 (11.3) 0.48 (0.27–0.85) 0.65 (0.35–1.22) ptrend = 0.008 ptrend = 0.27 Smoking status Former smoker 701 (70.1) 212 (30.3) 406 (57.9) 83 (11.8) 1.0 1.0 Current smoker 299 (29.9) 49 (16.4) 191 (63.9) 59 (19.7) 3.08 (1.95–4.85) 2.50 (1.52–4.13) Use of vitamin supplements No 372 (37.0) 88 (23.6) 222 (59.7) 62 (16.7) 1.0 1.0 Yes 633 (63.0) 173 (27.3) 380 (60.0) 80 (12.7) 0.65 (0.43–0.998) 1.01 (0.63–1.61) Use of NSAIDs No 285 (28.4) 86 (30.2) 157 (55.1) 42 (14.7) 1.0 1.0 Yes 720 (71.6) 175 (24.3) 445 (61.8) 100 (13.9) 1.17 (0.75–1.82) 1.15 (0.70–1.89) Use of steroid inhalers No 468 (46.6) 129 (27.6) 263 (56.2) 76 (16.2) 1.0 1.0 Yes 537 (53.4) 132 (24.6) 339 (63.1) 66 (12.3) 0.85 (0.56–1.28) 1.16 (0.73–1.84) Fruit and vegetable servings per month Quartile 1 (<47 servings) 254 (25.6) 57 (22.5) 153 (60.2) 44 (17.3) 1.0 1.0 Quartile 2 (47–74 servings) 248 (25.1) 62 (25.0) 151 (60.9) 35 (14.1) 0.73 (0.41–1.30) 1.02 (0.55–1.89) Quartile 3 (75–110 servings) 245 (24.8) 68 (27.7) 144 (58.8) 33 (13.5) 0.63 (0.36–1.11) 0.84 (0.45–1.57) Quartile 4 (≥111 servings) 242 (24.5) 70 (28.9) 147 (60.8) 25 (10.3) 0.46 (0.25–0.85) 0.60 (0.31–1.16) ptrend = 0.01 ptrend = 0.04 -
a In some cases, total number is <1005 because of missing data.
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b All P > 0.01 by χ2 across all categories except for age (P = 0.03) and smoking status (P < 0.0001).
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c Adjusted for age (continuous), race, sex, current smoking status, enrollment date (continuous), FEVI (continuous), and fruit and vegetable servings (continuous).
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- Table 3
Lung cancer incidence as related to selected factors among the 2006 members of the University of Colorado Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence cohort, 1993–2001
Person-years Lung cancer cases Lung cancer incidence rate per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval) Incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) Total cohort 4469.37 83 1.86 (1.46, 2.26) Gender Female 1236.98 19 1.54 (0.85, 2.23) 1.0 (reference) Male 3232.25 64 1.98 (1.49, 2.47) 1.29 (0.77, 2.15) Age 30–59 years 887.01 14 1.58 (0.75, 2.40) 1.0 (reference) 60–69 years 1854.03 30 1.62 (1.04, 2.20) 1.03 (0.54, 1.93) 70+ years 1729.49 39 2.26 (1.55, 2.96) 1.43 (0.76, 2.63) Race/ethnicity Caucasian 4198.88 79 1.88 (1.47, 2.30) 1.0 (reference) Hispanic 119.38 1 0.84 (0, 2.48) 0.45 (0.06, 3.20) African American 112.04 3 2.68 (0, 5.70) 1.42 (0.45, 4.51) Asian, Native American, other 40.58 0 — — Lifetime smoking history Quartile 1 < 43 pack-years 877.63 11 1.25 (0.51, 1.99) 1.0 (reference) Quartile 2 43–54 pack-years 1077.88 18 1.67 (0.90, 2.44) 1.33 (0.63, 2.82) Quartile 3 55–80 pack-years 1345.71 23 1.71 (1.01, 2.41) 1.36 (0.66, 2.80) Quartile 4 ≥ 81 pack-years 1168.90 31 2.65 (1.27, 3.59) 2.12 (1.06, 4.21) Smoking status Current smoker 1818.99 40 2.20 (1.52, 2.88) 1.36 (0.88, 2.09) Former smoker 2651.76 43 1.62 (1.14, 2.11) 1.0 (reference) Baseline sputum cytology Unreadable 615.42 6 0.97 (0.19, 1.76) 0.76 (0.28, 2.06) Normal 860.67 11 1.28 (0.52, 2.03) 1.0 (reference) Mild atypia 2064.86 32 1.55 (1.01, 2.09) 1.21 (0.61, 2.41) Moderate atypia 864.25 19 2.20 (1.21, 3.19) 1.72 (0.82, 3.61) Worse than moderate atypia 64.96 15 23.09 (11.41, 34.78) 18.07 (8.30, 39.34) Moderate atypia or worse 929.25 34 3.66 (2.43, 4.89) 2.86 (1.45, 5.65) - Table 4
Association between moderate or worse cytological atypia in sputum and lung cancer incidence among the 2006 members of the University of Colorado Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence cohort, 1993–2001
Crude model Adjusted for age, sex, recruitment year Adjusted for age, sex, recruitment year, pack-years, and smoking status Hazard ratio (95% CI)a Hazard ratio (95% CI)a Hazard ratio (95% CI)a Initial baseline sputum Unreadable 0.76 (0.28, 2.06) 0.79 (0.29, 2.14) 0.81 (0.30, 2.20) Normal 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Mild atypia 1.20 (0.61, 2.39) 1.20 (0.60, 2.40) 1.16 (0.58, 2.32) Moderate atypia 1.64 (0.78, 3.48) 1.67 (0.79, 3.54) 1.66 (0.79, 3.53) Worse than moderate atypia 18.4 (8.30, 40.6) 19.1 (8.53, 42.9) 17.7 (7.84, 39.8) Moderate atypia or worse 2.77 (1.40, 5.50) 2.80 (1.41, 5.56) 2.75 (1.38, 5.47) First six sputum samples Unreadable 0.61 (0.19, 1.93) 0.63 (0.20, 2.00) 0.65 (0.21, 2.06) Normal 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) Mild atypia 1.13 (0.57, 2.24) 1.13 (0.57, 2.26) 1.10 (0.55, 2.20) Moderate atypia 1.67 (0.78, 3.57) 1.71 (0.80, 3.66) 1.68 (0.79, 3.60) Worse than moderate atypia 33.2 (15.3, 71.7) 34.3 (15.7, 74.9) 31.4 (14.2, 69.4) Moderate atypia or worse 3.27 (1.66, 6.46) 3.32 (1.68, 6.57) 3.18 (1.60, 6.31) -
a Hazard ratio, as estimated from proportional hazards analysis; CI, confidence interval.
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Volume 12, Issue 10
