Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1
Subject characteristics and plasma vitamin C and carotenoid concentration in the three groups at baseline (mean and SD)a
Fruit and vegetable Vitamin supplement Placebo No. (males/females) 16 (8/8) 12 (7/5) 15 (7/8) Age (yr) 29 ± 8 24 ± 4 26 ± 6 Body mass index (kg/m2) 23.5 ± 2.3 23.1 ± 1.7 22.6 ± 2.3 Protein (energy percentage)b 17 ± 3 17 ± 3 15 ± 3 Fat (energy percentage)b 29 ± 6 31 ± 3 29 ± 6 Carbohydrate (energy percentage)b 54 ± 8 53 ± 6 55 ± 8 Dietary fiber (g/day)b 20 ± 7 16 ± 7 14 ± 7 Alcohol (g/day)1 13 ± 16 16 ± 19 17 ± 18 Fruit and vegetable (g/day)2 333 ± 178 269 ± 119 260 ± 180 Plasma vitamin C concentration (μm) 75 ± 19 63 ± 14 67 ± 17 Plasma trans-β-catotene concentration (μg/100 ml) 19 ± 10 18 ± 11 20 ± 15 -
a There were not statistically significant differences between the groups at baseline.
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b Estimated from food frequency questionnaire.
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- Table 2
Composition of experimental diet (grams fresh weight/day) at an energy intake of 10 MJ/day
Component Menu 1 Menu 2 Menu 3 Menu 4 Breakfast Bread roll 70 70 70 70 Cheese 25 25 25 25 Sour milk 195 195 195 195 Rye breadcrumbs 33 33 33 33 Lunch Rye bread 100 100 100 100 Roast beef, ham, or turkey 28 28 28 28 Ham salad 50 Egg salad 46 Tuna salad 50 Mackerel salad 50 Milk 250 250 250 250 Dinner Beef stew 220 Rice 70 Cheese sauce 200 Pasta 70 70 Stew 450 Rye bread 40 Meat sauce 190 Snack Bread roll 70 70 Cream cheese 20 20 Sponge cake 110 110 Almond cake 50 50 - Table 3
Plasma concentrations of vitamin C and β-carotene at baseline and on day 24 after 3 weeks of intervention (mean and SD)
Plasma antioxidant Vegetable Vitamin Placebo Vitamin C (baseline, μm) 74.8 ± 19.5 62.9 ± 13.9 67.3 ± 17.3 Vitamin C (day 24, μm) 78.5 ± 13.6 71.3 ± 12.0 21.1 ± 11.8 β-Carotene (baseline, μg/100 ml) 18.6 ± 9.5 17.6 ± 10.9 19.7 ± 14.5 β-Carotene (day 24, μg/100 ml) 30.9 ± 15.7 47.5 ± 18.1 10.4 ± 8.5 - Table 4
Level of DNA strand breaks, ENDOIII- and FPG-sensitive sites, and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity in mononuclear blood cells detected by the comet assay (mean and SD) a,b
Diet Before Day 9 Day 16 Day 24 Afterc Strand breaks Placebo 26.6 ± 13.3 25.4 ± 18.7 26.8 ± 15.0 23.2 ± 12.8 33.0 ± 13.5 Vitamin 29.8 ± 12.8 23.4 ± 12.0 32.3 ± 15.7 27.8 ± 14.6 33.3 ± 12.3 Vegetable 25.1 ± 13.4 30.1 ± 13.0 34.1 ± 25.6 25.6 ± 14.1 28.1 ± 16.9 ENDOIII sensitive sites Placebo 27.0 ± 24.5 32.1 ± 20.1 21.6 ± 22.0 27.8 ± 23.4 20.3 ± 17.3 Vitamin 33.2 ± 15.7 32.3 ± 24.9 23.5 ± 14.8 20.3 ± 26.5 32.2 ± 10.0 Vegetable 36.5 ± 14.4 29.5 ± 15.4 31.4 ± 26.5 27.3 ± 18.8 22.0 ± 26.2 FPG-sensitive sites Placebo 42.2 ± 25.3 39.9 ± 29.4 35.9 ± 15.7 44.9 ± 25.3 35.7 ± 19.6 Vitamin 28.9 ± 28.1 37.6 ± 29.1 31.2 ± 18.8 33.9 ± 18.4 36.5 ± 20.1 Vegetable 38.3 ± 19.6 36.2 ± 22.2 39.5 ± 26.3 39.7 ± 23.1 35.3 ± 26.2 Hydrogen peroxide-sensitive sites Placebo 33.6 ± 10.6 28.4 ± 15.9 45.6 ± 18.1 31.4 ± 12.3 35.0 ± 14.0 Vitamin 39.3 ± 12.5 37.7 ± 13.1 42.3 ± 15.6 34.3 ± 10.6 37.3 ± 16.4 Vegetable 36.7 ± 16.4 41.1 ± 16.5 45.6 ± 26.7 37.7 ± 10.8 40.9 ± 19.7 -
a The data are expressed as arbitrary units.
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b There were no interaction between the diets consumed and time-point in the study. For strand breaks, ENDOIII, and FPG-sensitive sites there were no statistically significant effects of the diet consumed or the time point in the study.
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c The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).
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- Table 5
Level of 24 h urinary 8-oxodG excretion (mean and SD)a
Diet Before Day 2 Day 9 Day 16 Day 24 Afterb Vegetable 19.5 ± 8.6 17.5 ± 7.3 17.0 ± 8.4 18.4 ± 9.0 17.7 ± 10.0 13.8 ± 7.9c Placebo 19.5 ± 8.6 18.6 ± 7.4 21.0 ± 10.6 21.0 ± 9.8 18.8 ± 8.9 17.0 ± 9.8 Vitamin 18.8 ± 3.9 19.5 ± 5.4 19.8 ± 5.1 18.4 ± 5.8 17.9 ± 5.0 15.0 ± 3.4 -
a The data are expressed as nmol/24 h.
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b The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).
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c n = 15 (other days n = 16).
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- Table 6
Expression of OGG1 and ERCC1 mRNA relative to 18S in leukocytes isolated from whole blood (mean and SD with number of subjects in parenthesis)a,b
Diet Before Day 9 Day 16 Day 24 Afterc Expression of OGG1 mRNA Placebo 10.0 ± 5.3 (15) 9.5 ± 5.9 (15) 7.6 ± 4.6 (9) 10.5 ± 6.7 (16) 11.0 ± 6.8 (13) Vitamin 7.2 ± 2.9 (11) 6.9 ± 3.5 (12) 6.7 ± 2.7 (9) 7.3 ± 3.0 (12) 10.9 ± 7.3 (12) Vegetable 8.9 ± 4.1 (15) 11.1 ± 6.6 (15) 6.3 ± 1.6 (11) 9.0 ± 6.5 (15) 9.8 ± 9.0 (13) Expression of ERCC1 mRNA Placebo 29.0 ± 14.6 (14) 28.3 ± 12.9 (14) 24.8 ± 13.6 (9) 33.6 ± 18.5 (15) 41.6 ± 28.0 (12) Vitamin 22.9 ± 6.5 (11) 23.7 ± 7.9 (12) 20.6 ± 6.5 (9) 27.1 ± 11.5 (12) 36.5 ± 17.9 (12) Vegetable 29.0 ± 13.1 (15) 31.4 ± 17.1 (15) 19.9 ± 6.9 (11) 28.8 ± 18.4 (15) 30.9 ± 15.9 (13) -
a The data are expressed as mRNA relative to the expression of 18S (per million).
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b There were no interaction between the diets consumed and time point in the study, nor were there any single factor effects of the diet consumed and time point in the study.
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c The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).
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