No Effect of 600 Grams Fruit and Vegetables Per Day on Oxidative DNA Damage and Repair in Healthy Nonsmokers

Peter Møller; Ulla Vogel; Anette Pedersen; Lars O. Dragsted; Brittmarie Sandström; Steffen Loft

DOI: Published October 2003

Article Figures & Data

Tables

Table 1

Subject characteristics and plasma vitamin C and carotenoid concentration in the three groups at baseline (mean and SD)^a

	Fruit and vegetable	Vitamin supplement	Placebo
No. (males/females)	16 (8/8)	12 (7/5)	15 (7/8)
Age (yr)	29 ± 8	24 ± 4	26 ± 6
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.5 ± 2.3	23.1 ± 1.7	22.6 ± 2.3
Protein (energy percentage)^b	17 ± 3	17 ± 3	15 ± 3
Fat (energy percentage)^b	29 ± 6	31 ± 3	29 ± 6
Carbohydrate (energy percentage)^b	54 ± 8	53 ± 6	55 ± 8
Dietary fiber (g/day)^b	20 ± 7	16 ± 7	14 ± 7
Alcohol (g/day)¹	13 ± 16	16 ± 19	17 ± 18
Fruit and vegetable (g/day)²	333 ± 178	269 ± 119	260 ± 180
Plasma vitamin C concentration (μm)	75 ± 19	63 ± 14	67 ± 17
Plasma trans-β-catotene concentration (μg/100 ml)	19 ± 10	18 ± 11	20 ± 15

^a There were not statistically significant differences between the groups at baseline.
^b Estimated from food frequency questionnaire.

Table 2

Composition of experimental diet (grams fresh weight/day) at an energy intake of 10 MJ/day

Component	Menu 1	Menu 2	Menu 3	Menu 4
Breakfast
Bread roll	70	70	70	70
Cheese	25	25	25	25
Sour milk	195	195	195	195
Rye breadcrumbs	33	33	33	33
Lunch
Rye bread	100	100	100	100
Roast beef, ham, or turkey	28	28	28	28
Ham salad		50
Egg salad	46
Tuna salad				50
Mackerel salad			50
Milk	250	250	250	250
Dinner
Beef stew	220
Rice	70
Cheese sauce		200
Pasta		70		70
Stew			450
Rye bread			40
Meat sauce				190
Snack
Bread roll		70		70
Cream cheese		20		20
Sponge cake	110		110
Almond cake		50		50

Table 3

Plasma concentrations of vitamin C and β-carotene at baseline and on day 24 after 3 weeks of intervention (mean and SD)

Plasma antioxidant	Vegetable	Vitamin	Placebo
Vitamin C (baseline, μm)	74.8 ± 19.5	62.9 ± 13.9	67.3 ± 17.3
Vitamin C (day 24, μm)	78.5 ± 13.6	71.3 ± 12.0	21.1 ± 11.8
β-Carotene (baseline, μg/100 ml)	18.6 ± 9.5	17.6 ± 10.9	19.7 ± 14.5
β-Carotene (day 24, μg/100 ml)	30.9 ± 15.7	47.5 ± 18.1	10.4 ± 8.5

Table 4

Level of DNA strand breaks, ENDOIII- and FPG-sensitive sites, and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity in mononuclear blood cells detected by the comet assay (mean and SD) ^a^,b

Diet	Before	Day 9	Day 16	Day 24	After^c
Strand breaks
Placebo	26.6 ± 13.3	25.4 ± 18.7	26.8 ± 15.0	23.2 ± 12.8	33.0 ± 13.5
Vitamin	29.8 ± 12.8	23.4 ± 12.0	32.3 ± 15.7	27.8 ± 14.6	33.3 ± 12.3
Vegetable	25.1 ± 13.4	30.1 ± 13.0	34.1 ± 25.6	25.6 ± 14.1	28.1 ± 16.9
ENDOIII sensitive sites
Placebo	27.0 ± 24.5	32.1 ± 20.1	21.6 ± 22.0	27.8 ± 23.4	20.3 ± 17.3
Vitamin	33.2 ± 15.7	32.3 ± 24.9	23.5 ± 14.8	20.3 ± 26.5	32.2 ± 10.0
Vegetable	36.5 ± 14.4	29.5 ± 15.4	31.4 ± 26.5	27.3 ± 18.8	22.0 ± 26.2
FPG-sensitive sites
Placebo	42.2 ± 25.3	39.9 ± 29.4	35.9 ± 15.7	44.9 ± 25.3	35.7 ± 19.6
Vitamin	28.9 ± 28.1	37.6 ± 29.1	31.2 ± 18.8	33.9 ± 18.4	36.5 ± 20.1
Vegetable	38.3 ± 19.6	36.2 ± 22.2	39.5 ± 26.3	39.7 ± 23.1	35.3 ± 26.2
Hydrogen peroxide-sensitive sites
Placebo	33.6 ± 10.6	28.4 ± 15.9	45.6 ± 18.1	31.4 ± 12.3	35.0 ± 14.0
Vitamin	39.3 ± 12.5	37.7 ± 13.1	42.3 ± 15.6	34.3 ± 10.6	37.3 ± 16.4
Vegetable	36.7 ± 16.4	41.1 ± 16.5	45.6 ± 26.7	37.7 ± 10.8	40.9 ± 19.7

^a The data are expressed as arbitrary units.
^b There were no interaction between the diets consumed and time-point in the study. For strand breaks, ENDOIII, and FPG-sensitive sites there were no statistically significant effects of the diet consumed or the time point in the study.
^c The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).

Table 5

Level of 24 h urinary 8-oxodG excretion (mean and SD)^a

Diet	Before	Day 2	Day 9	Day 16	Day 24	After^b
Vegetable	19.5 ± 8.6	17.5 ± 7.3	17.0 ± 8.4	18.4 ± 9.0	17.7 ± 10.0	13.8 ± 7.9^c
Placebo	19.5 ± 8.6	18.6 ± 7.4	21.0 ± 10.6	21.0 ± 9.8	18.8 ± 8.9	17.0 ± 9.8
Vitamin	18.8 ± 3.9	19.5 ± 5.4	19.8 ± 5.1	18.4 ± 5.8	17.9 ± 5.0	15.0 ± 3.4

^a The data are expressed as nmol/24 h.
^b The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).
^c n = 15 (other days n = 16).

Table 6

Expression of OGG1 and ERCC1 mRNA relative to 18S in leukocytes isolated from whole blood (mean and SD with number of subjects in parenthesis)^a^,b

Diet	Before	Day 9	Day 16	Day 24	After^c
Expression of OGG1 mRNA
Placebo	10.0 ± 5.3 (15)	9.5 ± 5.9 (15)	7.6 ± 4.6 (9)	10.5 ± 6.7 (16)	11.0 ± 6.8 (13)
Vitamin	7.2 ± 2.9 (11)	6.9 ± 3.5 (12)	6.7 ± 2.7 (9)	7.3 ± 3.0 (12)	10.9 ± 7.3 (12)
Vegetable	8.9 ± 4.1 (15)	11.1 ± 6.6 (15)	6.3 ± 1.6 (11)	9.0 ± 6.5 (15)	9.8 ± 9.0 (13)
Expression of ERCC1 mRNA
Placebo	29.0 ± 14.6 (14)	28.3 ± 12.9 (14)	24.8 ± 13.6 (9)	33.6 ± 18.5 (15)	41.6 ± 28.0 (12)
Vitamin	22.9 ± 6.5 (11)	23.7 ± 7.9 (12)	20.6 ± 6.5 (9)	27.1 ± 11.5 (12)	36.5 ± 17.9 (12)
Vegetable	29.0 ± 13.1 (15)	31.4 ± 17.1 (15)	19.9 ± 6.9 (11)	28.8 ± 18.4 (15)	30.9 ± 15.9 (13)

^a The data are expressed as mRNA relative to the expression of 18S (per million).
^b There were no interaction between the diets consumed and time point in the study, nor were there any single factor effects of the diet consumed and time point in the study.
^c The “after” samples were obtained 4 weeks after cessation of the intervention period (day 52).