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Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
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Soyfood Intake during Adolescence and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer among Chinese Women

Xiao Ou Shu, Fan Jin, Qi Dai, Wanqing Wen, John D. Potter, Lawrence H. Kushi, Zhixian Ruan, Yu-Tang Gao and Wei Zheng
Xiao Ou Shu
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Fan Jin
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Qi Dai
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Wanqing Wen
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John D. Potter
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Lawrence H. Kushi
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Zhixian Ruan
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Yu-Tang Gao
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Wei Zheng
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DOI:  Published May 2001
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Tables

  • Table 1

    Comparison of demographics and selected breast cancer risk factors of cases and controls, The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, 1996–1998

    Subjects with missing values were excluded from the analysis.
    Casesa (n = 1459)Controlsa (n = 1556) P
    Age (yrs)47.8 ± 8.047.2 ± 8.80.03
    Education (%)
     No formaleducation3.65.5
     Elementary school8.58.4
     Middle + high school74.375.4
     Professional education, college and above13.610.70.01
    Per capita income (Yuan) (%)
     <400019.818.2
     4000–599931.731.9
     6000–799913.013.9
     8000–899920.223.5
     ≥900015.212.40.05
    Breast cancer in first-degree relatives (%)3.72.40.05
    Ever had breast fibroadenoma (%)9.65.0<0.01
    Regular alcohol drinker (%)4.04.10.99
    Ever used oral contraceptives (%)21.920.90.51
    Ever used hormone replacement therapy (%)2.92.70.76
    Exercised regularly (%)18.825.2<0.01
    Body mass index23.5 ± 3.423.1 ± 3.4<0.01
    WHR0.81 ± 0.060.80 ± 0.06<0.01
    Nulliparous (%)5.13.90.13
    No. of live birthsb1.5 ± 0.851.5 ± 0.860.54
    Age at first live birthb (yrs)26.8 ± 4.226.2 ± 3.9<0.01
    Months of breastfeedingc15.1 ± 13.115.9 ± 14.00.81
    Menarcheal age (yrs)14.5 ± 1.614.7 ± 1.7<0.01
    Menopausal aged (yrs)48.1 ± 4.647.5 ± 4.90.02
    Height (cm)158.9 ± 5.10158.5 ± 5.370.07
    Adult usual energy intake (kcal/day)1865.9 ± 464.21839.9 ± 464.20.12
    Adult usual fat intake (grams/day)36.3 ± 17.435.3 ± 16.20.08
    • a Unless otherwise specified, mean ± SD are presented.

    • b Among women who had live births.

    • c Among women who ever breastfed their children.

    • d Among menopausal women.

  • Table 2

    Soy food and other dietary intake during adolescence and risk of breast cancer, The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, 1996–1998

    Median intake among controlsaAdjusted ORs (95% CI) by quintileb,c,dTrend test P
    Q1 (low)Q2Q3Q4Q5
    Soy foods (total)5.41.000.75 (0.60–0.93)0.69 (0.55–0.87)0.69 (0.55–0.86)0.51 (0.40–0.65)<0.01
     Bean curd (tofu)0.91.000.83 (0.68–1.02)0.88 (0.68–1.13)0.67 (0.54–0.84)0.70 (0.55–0.90)<0.01
     Soy milk01.000.75 (0.64–0.88)<0.01
     Soy products other than tofu3.51.000.85 (0.67–1.08)0.79 (0.59–1.06)0.65 (0.50–0.85)<0.01
    Fresh legumese35.61.000.95 (0.74–1.22)0.98 (0.80–1.19)0.83 (0.65–1.05)0.93 (0.74–1.16)0.27
    Dried beansf0.71.000.84 (0.69–1.01)0.78 (0.64–0.96)0.75 (0.59–0.95)<0.01
    Vegetables/fruits (total)g171.01.000.88 (0.70–1.12)0.85 (0.67–1.08)1.01 (0.81–1.27)0.95 (0.74–1.21)0.97
     Vegetablesg150.01.000.87 (0.72–1.06)0.90 (0.68–1.19)1.17 (0.96–1.43)0.72 (0.50–1.03)0.56
     Fruitsg4.91.000.90 (0.74–1.10)0.97 (0.78–1.22)0.99 (0.79–1.23)0.96
    Rice/wheat productsg400.01.000.95 (0.71–1.29)0.96 (0.78–1.18)0.86 (0.71–1.04)0.65 (0.46–0.93)0.03
    Meats (total)g14.21.000.94 (0.74–1.19)1.11 (0.87–1.41)1.00 (0.78–1.27)1.00 (0.78–1.29)0.83
     Porkg8.21.001.08 (0.84–1.38)1.15 (0.93–1.41)1.00 (0.78–1.29)1.11 (0.88–1.41)0.46
     Other meatsg1.41.000.92 (0.75–1.12)0.96 (0.76–1.21)0.91 (0.74–1.13)0.51
    Eggsg9.91.001.00 (0.80–1.25)1.01 (0.81–1.26)0.98 (0.78–1.24)0.86 (0.67–1.11)0.34
    Seafoodsg14.21.000.86 (0.68–1.08)0.86 (0.67–1.10)0.89 (0.71–1.12)0.89 (0.67–1.17)0.47
    Milkg01.000.76 (0.59–0.98)0.03
    Preserved foods (total)g19.21.001.08 (0.86–1.36)1.05(0.83–1.32)0.89(0.70–1.13)0.94 (0.73–1.20)0.27
     Preserved meat/fishg0.71.001.01 (0.83–1.24)1.24 (1.01–1.53)1.12 (0.90–1.38)0.10
     Salted eggsg1.41.000.77 (0.63–0.95)1.00 (0.80–1.23)1.00 (0.80–1.24)0.62
     Preserved vegetablesg14.21.001.17 (0.93–1.47)1.08 (0.87–1.35)0.89 (0.70–1.12)0.97 (0.73–1.28)0.24
    • a Average daily intake in grams. Soy food intake was converted to soy protein equivalence (tofu, 6.2%; soy milk, 1.8%; and soy products other than tofu, 24.72%); Refs. 33 34 35 .

    • b ORs were compared to the lowest quintile of intake and adjusted for intake level of rice and wheat products, age, education, family history of breast cancer, history of breast fibroadenoma, WHR, age at menarche, physical activity, ever had live birth, age at first live birth, menopausal status, and age at menopause. Quintile cutoffs are 0.44, 0.88, 1.32, and 2.2 gram(s)/day for tofu and 2.20, 4.41, 6.61, and 11.01 gram(s)/day for total soyfoods.

    • c Ever versus never for analyses of foods rarely consumed.

    • d Tertile distribution of intake for analyses of foods when a large number of subjects did not eat the foods. Tertile cutoffs are 3.52 and 5.28 grams/day for soy products other than tofu.

    • e Commonly consumed fresh legumes include peas, string beans, and kidney beans, and, less commonly consumed legumes include soy beans.

    • f Commonly consumed dry beans are soy bean seeds, mung beans, and red beans.

    • g Additionally adjusted for total soy food intake.

  • Table 3

    Soy food and other dietary intake during adolescence and risk of breast cancer, The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, 1996–1998

    Adjusted ORs (95% CI) by quintilea,b,cTrend test P
    Q1 (low)Q2Q3Q4Q5
     A. Premenopausal women (952 cases and 990 controls)
    Soy foods (total)1.000.75 (0.57–1.00)0.72 (0.54–0.96)0.64 (0.48–0.85)0.53 (0.39–0.72)<0.01
     Bean curd (tofu)1.000.73 (0.56–0.92)0.87 (0.64–1.20)0.60 (0.45–0.79)0.79 (0.58–1.08)0.02
     Soy milk1.000.67 (0.55–0.82)
     Soy products other than tofu1.000.90 (0.65–1.23)0.76 (0.52–1.10)0.68 (0.48–0.96)0.01
    Fresh legumesd1.001.04 (0.76–1.41)1.04 (0.82–1.33)0.86 (0.64–1.15)0.96 (0.72–1.29)0.51
    Dried beanse1.000.91 (0.72–1.15)0.85 (0.66–1.10)0.77 (0.57–1.05)0.07
     B. Postmenopausal women (501 cases and 562 controls)
    Soy foods (total)1.000.69 (0.48–1.01)0.65 (0.44–0.97)0.79 (0.54–1.16)0.49 (0.33–0.74)<0.01
     Bean curd (tofu)1.001.10 (0.77–1.57)0.89 (0.58–1.38)0.82 (0.56–1.19)0.62 (0.41–0.93)0.01
     Soy milk1.000.98 (0.73–1.32)0.89
     Soy products other than tofu1.000.77 (0.53–1.12)0.93 (0.57–1.53)0.62 (0.41–0.94)0.05
    Fresh legumesd1.000.77 (0.50–1.19)0.92 (0.65–1.30)0.83 (0.55–1.27)0.96 (0.67–1.39)0.82
    Dried beanse1.000.70 (0.50–0.97)0.67 (0.46–0.95)0.76 (0.53–1.08)0.03
     C. Data reported by mothers among women <40 years of age (296 cases and 359 controls)
    Soy foods (total)1.000.70 (0.45–1.09)0.59 (0.32–1.07)0.60 (0.37–0.99)0.35 (0.21–0.60)<0.01
     Bean curd (tofu)1.001.08 (0.70–1.65)0.72 (0.41–1.27)0.52 (0.31–0.85)0.65 (0.37–1.17)<0.01
     Soy milk1.000.89 (0.61–1.31)0.56
     Soy products other than tofu1.001.10 (0.67–1.79)0.72 (0.45–1.17)0.79 (0.46–1.33)0.44 (0.25–0.79)<0.01
    Fresh legumesd1.000.52 (0.30–0.92)0.88 (0.57–1.38)1.05 (0.63–1.75)0.67 (0.40–1.12)0.55
    Dried beanse1.000.94 (0.62–1.44)0.73 (0.46–1.16)0.63 (0.40–1.01)0.04
    • a ORs were compared to the lowest quintile of intake and adjusted for intake level of rice and wheat products, age, education, family history of breast cancer, history of breast fibroadenoma, WHR, age at menarche, physical activity, ever had live birth, menopausal status, and age at menopause.

    • b Ever versus never for analyses of foods rarely consumed.

    • c Tertile distribution of intake for analyses of foods when a large number of subjects did not eat the foods.

    • d Commonly consumed fresh legumes include peas, string beans, kidney beans, and, less commonly consumed fresh legumes include soy beans.

    • e Commonly consumed dry beans are soy bean seeds, mung beans, and red beans.

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May 2001
Volume 10, Issue 5
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Soyfood Intake during Adolescence and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer among Chinese Women
Xiao Ou Shu, Fan Jin, Qi Dai, Wanqing Wen, John D. Potter, Lawrence H. Kushi, Zhixian Ruan, Yu-Tang Gao and Wei Zheng
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev May 1 2001 (10) (5) 483-488;

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Soyfood Intake during Adolescence and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer among Chinese Women
Xiao Ou Shu, Fan Jin, Qi Dai, Wanqing Wen, John D. Potter, Lawrence H. Kushi, Zhixian Ruan, Yu-Tang Gao and Wei Zheng
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev May 1 2001 (10) (5) 483-488;
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