Lactase Persistence, Dietary Intake of Milk, and the Risk for Prostate Cancer in Sweden and Finland
- Suvi Torniainen1,
- Maria Hedelin3,
- Ville Autio4,
- Heli Rasinperä1,
- Katarina Augustsson Bälter3,
- Åsa Klint3,
- Rino Bellocco3,8,
- Fredrik Wiklund3,
- Pär Stattin9,
- Tarja Ikonen6,
- Teuvo L.J. Tammela7,
- Johanna Schleutker5,6,
- Henrik Grönberg3 and
- Irma Järvelä1,2
- 1Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki; 2Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; 3Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital; 5Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital; 6Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Medical Technology and 7Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; 8Department of Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; and 9Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Requests for reprints:
Irma Järvelä, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, PL104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland. Fax: 358-9-191-25105. E-mail: irma.jarvela{at}kolumbus.fi
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. Its primary pathogenesis is mostly unknown. Dairy products containing lactose have been suggested to be risk factors for prostate cancer. Digestion of lactose is dependent on lactase activity in the intestinal wall. A single nucleotide polymorphism C to T residing 13,910 bp upstream of the lactase gene has been shown to associate with the developmental down-regulation of lactase activity underlying persistence/nonpersistence trait. To find out whether lactase persistence is related to the risk for prostate cancer, we genotyped 1,229 Finnish and 2,924 Swedish patients and their 473 Finnish and 1,842 Swedish controls using solid-phase minisequencing. To explore if dairy products have an association with prostate cancer, we analyzed the milk consumption in the Swedish study consisting of 1,499 prostate cancer patients and 1,130 controls (Cancer Prostate in Sweden I study) using a questionnaire. Only the consumption of low-fat milk was found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-2.39]. A statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) lactose intake was observed among subjects with high lactase activity (C/T and T/T genotypes) compared with those with low lactase activity (C/C genotype). Lactase persistence did not associate with increased risk for prostate carcinoma in the Finnish (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.47; P = 0.488) or in the Swedish populations (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91-1.46; P = 0.23). In conclusion, lactase persistence/nonpersistence contains no risk for prostate cancer. Analysis of different milk products showed some evidence for low-fat milk as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):956–61)
Footnotes
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Grant support: Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Hospital Research Funding, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Research Funding, Foundation for Nutrition Research, Helsinki, Finland; the Alfred Kordelin Foundation, Helsinki, Finland; Reino Lahtikari Foundation, Tampere, Finland; The Academy of Finland grant 211123 (J. Schleutker); Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital; and grants from the Swedish Cancer Foundation (Cancerfonden).
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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Note: S. Torniainen and M. Hedelin contributed equally to this work.
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- Accepted March 1, 2007.
- Received November 27, 2006.
- Revision received February 26, 2007.
