Serum Cotinine Level as Predictor of Lung Cancer Risk

DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0032 Published June 2006

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Figure 1.
OR of lung cancer risk for serum cotinine level.

Table 1.

Distribution of cases and controls by sex, age at first sample, year of first sample, duration of follow-up, attained age, and smoking status

↵* The distributions of cases and controls are similar as result of individual matching.
↵† P_difference between cases and controls (χ² square test) < 0.0001.
↵‡ Current or ex smoker (only information on ever/never smoking status was available in a subset of study subjects).

Table 2.

Mean serum cotinine level (ng/mL) in cases and controls by sex, attained age, duration of follow-up, and smoking status

Table 3.

ORs of lung cancer for serum cotinine level

Serum cotinine level (ng/mL)*	N cases	N controls	OR (95% CI)
0.1-5.0 (reference)	135	755	1.00
5.1-24.7	21	124	0.93 (0.46-1.90)
24.8-114.7	51	123	2.80 (1.55-5.05)
114.8-180.2	118	123	7.67 (4.75-12.4)
180.3-223.8	157	123	13.8 (8.70-22.0)
223.9-271.9	235	124	24.9 (15.9-39.0)
272.0-317.7	274	123	30.4 (19.5-47.3)
317.8-378.8	308	123	33.1 (21.3-51.4)
>378.8	442	123	55.1 (35.7-85.0)

NOTE: OR is based on conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for sex, year of birth, time of enrollment, and geographical region.
↵* Categories are based on serum cotinine level only, not on self-reported smoking status.

Table 4.

OR of lung cancer for serum cotinine level stratified by sex and attained age

Serum cotinine level* (ng/mL)	N cases	N controls	OR (95% CI)	N cases	N controls	OR (95% CI)
Sex	Women			Men
0.1-5.0 (reference)	47	207	1.00	88	548	1.00
5.1-114.7	25	75	1.54 (0.65-3.69)	47	172	1.83 (1.02-3.30)
114.8-223.8	72	48	11.9 (5.56-25.3)	203	198	10.5 (6.59-16.6)
223.9-317.7	124	48	23.1 (11.0-48.3)	385	199	27.8 (17.7-43.8)
>317.7	151	41	47.2 (21.3-105)	599	205	42.1 (27.1-65.3)
Attained age	≤60 y			>60 y
0.1-5.0 (reference)	59	388	1.00	69	345	1.00
5.1-114.7	30	116	1.60 (0.73-3.51)	39	103	1.96 (1.01-3.78)
114.8-223.8	118	110	13.1 (7.17-24.1)	150	123	10.1 (5.85-17.3)
223.9-317.7	248	121	29.9 (16.7-53.5)	238	115	25.3 (14.6-43.9)
>317.7	393	103	60.0 (33.6-107)	318	118	33.7 (19.6-57.9)

NOTE: OR is based on conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for year of birth, time of enrollment, geographical region, and in the analysis of attained age and sex.
↵* Categories are based on serum cotinine level only, not on self-reported smoking status.

Table 5.

Results of conditional logistic regression analysis of serum cotinine level among never smokers

NOTE: Self-reported never smokers and long-term quitters with serum cotinine level below 10 ng/mL were included in the analysis (79 cases and 350 controls).