Soy Intake and Other Lifestyle Determinants of Serum Estrogen Levels among Postmenopausal Chinese Women in Singapore1
- Departments of Preventive Medicine [A. H. W., M. C. Y.] and Obstetrics and Gynecology [F. Z. S.], University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, and Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074 [A. S., H-P. L.]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogen levels are strongly associated with breast cancer risk, but its determinants are not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 144 healthy postmenopausal women, participants in a population-based prospective investigation of diet and cancer risk among Chinese in Singapore. The relationships between plasma levels of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and androstenedione and dietary intake of soy and other food groups were investigated. Data on diet and other lifestyle factors were obtained from a structured questionnaire with a validated dietary component that was administered in-person to all participants. Few dietary factors emerged as determinants of plasma estrogen levels in this population. An exception was soy, which was significantly associated with plasma E1 levels. Specifically, E1 levels were 15% lower among individuals in the highest quartile of soy protein intake compared with those in the lower three quartiles of intake (P = 0.047). E1 levels did not differ between individuals in the lower three quartiles of soy protein intake. Similar patterns of differences in E1 levels emerged in analyses by intake of isoflavones and total soy products. These findings on soy were independent of the four nondietary factors (see below) that significantly influenced estrogen levels. Both E1 and E2 levels increased with high body mass index [BMI (weight/height2)]; the respective levels were 41% (two-sided P = 0.02) and 17% higher (P = 0.34) among women in the highest BMI category (BMI ≥ 24) compared with those in the lowest category (BMI < 20). After adjustment for BMI and age, women with a late age at menarche (age 17 years or older) showed significantly lower E1 (30% lower; P = 0.02) and E2 levels (24% lower; P = 0.02) compared with women with earlier age at menarche (before age 17 years) and who were nulliparous or had a late age at first live birth (after age 31 years). Current smokers showed significantly higher E2 levels (28%) than nonsmokers (P = 0.04). These findings are discussed in relation to the recent doubling of breast cancer incidence among Chinese women in Singapore.
Footnotes
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
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↵1 The Singapore Chinese Health Study has been supported by Grants R01 CA55069, R35 CA53890, and R01 CA80205 from the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
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↵2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176. Phone: (323) 854-0480; Fax: (323) 865-0139; E-mail: annawu{at}hsc.usc.edu
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↵3 The abbreviations used are: E2, estradiol; E1, estrone; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
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- Accepted May 14, 1902.
- Received August 17, 1901.
- Revision received February 15, 1902.
