Aspirin Use in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer

Aspirin Use in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer1

Departments of Epidemiology [M. F. L., M. J. S., G. A. C., W. C. W., E. G.] and Nutrition [M. F. L., M. J. S., W. C. W., E. G.], Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [M. F. L., M. J. S., J. M., G. A. C., W. C. W., E. G.]; Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [G. A. C.]; Epidemiology Program, Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [G. A. C.], and Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics & Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California [J. M. C.]

Abstract

Experimental studies have shown inhibitory effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on prostate cancer cell proliferation and reduction of prostate cancer metastasis, suggesting their possible preventive role for prostate cancer. We examined the association between regular aspirin use and the risk of prostate cancer among participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a prospective cohort of 47,882 United States men who were 40–75 years of age and without a history of prostate cancer in 1986. Biennial self-administered questionnaires were used to assess regular aspirin use from 1986 to 1996. We confirmed and staged incident cases of prostate cancer according to medical records and pathology reports. During 518,072 person-years of follow-up, 2,479 new cases of prostate cancer were ascertained. Of these, 608 were diagnosed as advanced (extraprostatic) prostate cancer and 258 as metastatic prostate cancer. We found no association between aspirin use and total prostate cancer. After accounting for prostate-specific antigen examinations and other potentially confounding variables, the relative risk of total prostate cancer for aspirin users compared with nonusers was 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.14). For metastatic prostate cancer, we observed a suggestive decrease in risk among men reporting greater frequency of aspirin use. The multivariate relative risk of metastatic prostate cancer among men using aspirin 22 or more days/month was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.39–1.38) compared with nonusers. We noted no evidence of a linear dose-response relationship (P for trend = 0.40). The results from this cohort indicate that regular aspirin use is not likely to prevent the incidence of total prostate cancer, but we cannot exclude a possible benefit of frequent aspirin use on risk of developing metastatic prostate cancer.

Footnotes

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↵1 Supported by Research Grants CA55075 and HL35464 from the NIH and Cancer Epidemiology Training Grant 5T32 CA09001-26 (to M. F. L.) from the National Cancer Institute.
↵2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 432-4220; Fax: (617) 432-2435; E-mail: michael.leitzmann{at}channing.harvard.edu
↵3 Present address: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
↵4 Present address: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics & Urology, University of California, San Francisco, 333 California Street, Suite 280, San Francisco, CA 94143.
↵5 Present address: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
↵6 The abbreviations used are: NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; COX, cyclooxygenase; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; OR, odds ratio.
- Accepted May 29, 1902.
- Received January 11, 1902.
- Revision received May 15, 1902.