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Study Diagnostic groups Details of infant analyses Variable(s) examined* Summary of results Birth weight Birth order Fetal loss Maternal age Gestational age Ma 2005 ALL, AML 53 cases and 65 controls <2 years of age • • • • No significant associations of birth weight, birth order, or fetal loss with infant leukemia Hjalgrim 2004 ALL, AML 108 cases and 537 controls <1 year of age • • • Nonsignificant association of 1 kg increase in birth weight with infant ALL (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.89-2.96) or infant AML (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 0.91-3.65). Other variables not reported for infants Paltiel 2004 ALL, AML Unspecified total number of cases <1 year of age • Significant association of 1 kg increase in birth weight for AML (HR, 8.14; 95% CI, 1.8-38.9) but not ALL (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.3-14.9) Reynolds 2002 ALL, AML 307 cases and 614 controls <2 years of age • • • • • Borderline significant association of being fourth or greater born compared with second or third born (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.00-2.34) but no significant association comparing firstborn with later-born children. No significant associations of other birth variables with infant leukemia Yeazel 1997 ALL, AML 149 cases and an unspecified number of controls <2 years of age • Significant association of birth weight >4,000 g compared with birth weight <4,000 g for infant ALL (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8) and infant AML (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.5) Ross 1997 ALL, AML 303 cases and 303 controls <12.5 months of age • • • • Significant association of birth weight >4,000 g compared with <3,000 g and significant linear trends for combined infant leukemia (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.26-4.13; P for trend = 0.02), for combined infant leukemia diagnosed between 6.5 and 12.5 months (OR, 4.18; 95% CI, 1.75-10.02; P for trend = 0.008), and for infant ALL (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.17-5.41; P for trend = 0.04). Significant linear trend of rising birth order with infant AML (P = 0.04). Borderline significant linear trend of rising number of prior fetal losses with combined infant leukemia (P = 0.05). No association of maternal age with combined infant leukemia Westergaard 1997 ALL, AML 82 cases <1 year of age and 20.9 million person-years of observation • • Significant association of 1 kg increase in birth weight for AML (RR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.14-7.03) but not ALL (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.53-1.63). No significant association of birth order with infant leukemia Yeazel 1995 ALL, AML 154 cases and 842 controls <2 years of age • Significant association of number of previous miscarriages with infant ALL (P for trend < 0.0001). ORs comparing 1 and >2 miscarriages were 3.70 (95% CI, 1.87-7.29) and 27.12 (95% CI, 7.00-105.11), respectively Cnattingius 1995 ALL 97 cases and 485 controls <2 years of age • • • • Significant association of birth weight >4,500 g compared with 3,000-3,499 g with infant leukemia (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.01-7.6). Borderline significant association of history of spontaneous abortion with infant ALL (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.9-4.8). No significant association of maternal age with infant ALL Kaye 1991 ALL 50 cases and 200 controls <2 years of age • • Significant association of infant ALL with previous pregnancy resulting in fetal loss (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.10-6.34). Birth order not reported for infant ALL Eisenberg 1987 CL 39 cases and 39 controls <1 year of age • No significant association of birth weight with infant leukemia Robison 1987 ALL 40 cases and 156 controls <2 years of age • Significant association of infant ALL with birth weight >3,800 g compared with <3,800 g (OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.05-6.26) Daling 1984 CL Unspecified total number of cases <2 years of age • 11 infant leukemia cases with birth weight >4,000 g versus 4.9 expected based on population (P < 0.05) Hirayama 1980 CL 1,040 cases <2 years • Statistically significant 69% increased risk of infant leukemia among children with birth weight >4,000 g compared with <3,400 g. Maternal age not examined for infant leukemia Stark and Mantel 1969 CL 58 cases <1 year of age • • No significant associations of infant leukemia with birth order or maternal age when compared with population figures

Abbreviations: CL, childhood leukemia; HR, hazard ratio; RR, risk ratio.

^* No studies have reported analyses of pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and infant leukemia.

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