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Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16, 122-127, January 1, 2007. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0426
© 2007 American Association for Cancer Research
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Common Melanocytic Nevi in 7-Year-Old Schoolchildren Residing at Different Latitudes in Sweden

Ylva Rodvall1,3, Carl-Fredrik Wahlgren2, Henrik Ullén3 and Kerstin Wiklund3

1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm Centre of Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, 2 Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, and 3 Department of Oncology-Pathology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Requests for reprints: Ylva Rodvall, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Karolinska Institutet, Norrbacka 3rd floor, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: 46-8-7373677; Fax: 46-737-37-70. E-mail: ylva.rodvall{at}sll.se


   Abstract
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 Abstract
Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Background: Current epidemiologic research shows consistently that increased number of acquired common melanocytic nevi (CMN) is an important risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of CMN in relation to tanning habits and complexion among 7-year-old children residing at different latitudes in Sweden.

Methods: Two municipalities were chosen at latitude 65°N to 68°N in the north of Sweden and two at latitude 57°N in the south. Children born in 1994 and registered in the municipalities were to be included (N = 1,676). A questionnaire was sent to their parents asking about the child's tanning habits. A body examination of CMN of size ≥2 mm was done by the same trained nurse in 1,380 (82.3%) of the children.

Results: CMN was significantly less prevalent among children living in the north with a prevalence of 5.6 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 4.8-6.5] inland and 6.2 (95% CI, 5.3-7.2) coastal compared with the south with a prevalence of 9.5 (95% CI, 8.2-11.0) inland and 10.4 (95% CI, 8.9-12.0) coastal. In addition, blond hair, blue/gray/green eyes, holidays at seaside resorts abroad, more frequent sunburns, and parents fancying tanning were significant predictors of higher prevalence of CMN.

Conclusions: These findings support previous evidence that the development of CMN is related to the level of sun exposure in childhood expressed as latitude of residence, holidays at seaside resort abroad, and number of sunburns. To reduce the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma, a change in attitude and behavior must start with young children and their parents. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(1):122–7)


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Current epidemiologic research shows consistently that increased number of common melanocytic nevi (CMN) is an important risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM; refs. 1, 2). Studies of the epidemiology of nevi therefore have the potential to shed light on the etiology of CMM. The CMM incidence shows a geographic variation in Sweden, and the incidence in the north is about half of that in the south (3).

The principal environmental risk factor for the development of CMN and CMM has been found to be exposure to sunlight (2, 4-9). Studies in Australia (4), Canada (5), and Europe (10) have shown that the number of nevi increases with decreasing skin pigment content and nevi are more common in individuals with many freckles. An association has been seen with latitude (11-13), and the prevalence of nevi among adults in Sweden showed a statistically lower prevalence in northern Sweden (14).

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CMN in relation to tanning habits and complexion among 7-year-old children residing at different latitudes in Sweden.


   Materials and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The study comprised two parts: a physical examination, including nevi count, and a questionnaire about tanning habits. The project was done in collaboration with the school health services. The study was approved by the ethical committee at the Karolinska University Hospital.

Two municipalities were chosen at latitude 65°N to 68°N in the north of Sweden (Kiruna and Piteå) and two at latitude 57°N in the south (Ljungby and Falkenberg). The coastal municipalities (Piteå and Falkenberg) have on average more sun hours than those inland (Kiruna and Ljungby). Descriptive statistics about the municipalities are shown in Table 1 . Factors taken in consideration when selecting the municipalities were that the number of children of 7 years of age, income level, and unemployment rate should be as similar as possible. There should neither be a university.


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  		Table 1. Characteristics of participating municipalities

 
Information about children born during 1994 and residing in any of the four municipalities in August 2001 was achieved from the national census file. An invitation letter to the parents with information about the study, a written consent form for participation in the physical examination, and the questionnaire were sent in September 2001.

Questions were asked about skin reaction to sun, number of holidays spent at seaside resorts abroad, sailing and skiing, how often the child had been naked in the sun, number of sunburns, how often the child was protected, to what degree parents were fancying outdoor tanning, whether close relatives had been diagnosed with skin cancer, whether the child had been treated by a doctor for asthma, allergy, and eczema, and highest level of education of each parent.

The physical examinations took place in schools between October 2001 and March 2002 and were done by the same registered nurse throughout the study. She was trained by a dermatologist to differentiate CMN from other pigmented skin lesions. The nurse and the dermatologist both examined the same 100 children, and there was a strong agreement between their nevi counts [{kappa} coefficient = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.71-0.93].

The body examination excluded scalp, genitalia, buttocks, and abdomen below the umbilicus. Nevi were defined as raised or flat brown lesions ≥2 mm on the skin. The decision to not count smaller nevi was due to the problem to differentiate small nevi from freckles. The size of each nevus was measured with an overlay of Plexiglas and classified into two groups, ≥2 and <6 mm and ≥6 mm, according to an IARC protocol (15). The body surface area was divided into 16 body sites (10, 14), and totally, 84.5% of the body surface area was investigated. The nurse also assessed hair color, eye color, height, and weight.

In the statistical analysis, Poisson regression models with a generalized estimating equations approach were used (16). In the univariate analyses of number of nevi, adjustment for body surface area was done. All covariates with a P value of ≤0.10 in the univariate analyses were considered for inclusion in the multivariate model. A stepwise procedure with forward selection and backward elimination was used. The final multivariate model included covariates or interactions with P values of ≤0.05.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
In total, 1,676 children resided in the municipalities in year 2001. For 1,469 (87.6%) of those, the questionnaire was filled out and 193 (11.5%) did not want to participate and 12 (0.7%) could not be traced. In the physical examination 1,380 (82.3%) participated. Children with brown or black skin were excluded from the analyses. The analysis set comprised 1,360 children who participated in the physical examination and whose parents answered the questionnaire.

The results of the univariate analyses are presented in Table 2 and final multivariate model in Table 3 . Number of nevi was significantly less prevalent among children residing in the north, 5.6 (95% CI, 4.8-6.5) in Kiruna and 6.2 (95% CI, 5.3-7.2) in Piteå, in contrast to 9.5 (95% CI, 8.2-11.0) in Ljungby and 10.4 (95% CI, 8.9-12.0) in Falkenberg in the south (Table 3). The prevalence is of the same magnitude in the municipalities at the same latitude with a somewhat higher mean for the coastal region. Thus, latitude seems to have the major effect on number of nevi, whereas number of sun hours at the same latitude is of less importance.


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  		Table 2. Results of the univariate Poisson regression analyses (number of CMN adjusted for body surface area)

 

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  		Table 3. Result of final model of the multivariate Poisson regression analysis (number of CMN adjusted for body surface area)

 
Prevalence of nevi increased with lighter hair color. However, red hair color was associated with lower prevalence. The prevalence of nevi was lower among children with brown eye color compared with children with blue/gray/green. The number of nevi was lower for children who never had spent any holiday at a seaside resort abroad before 2 years of age and increased with number of sunburns between 2 and 4 years of age. The more the parents liked outdoor tanning, the higher was the prevalence of nevi in their child. Sunscreen use seems to increase the prevalence of nevi (Table 2). Children who never were protected with sunscreen had the lowest prevalence, 7.5 (95% CI, 5.7-9.8) in comparison with 10.7 (95% CI, 10.1-11.2) in those who often were protected. Skin types I, II, and IV had lower prevalence of nevi compared with skin type III.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
The findings in this study support previous evidence that the development of CMN is related to the level of sun exposure in childhood in this study expressed as latitude of residence, holidays at seaside resort abroad, and number of sunburns. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare number of nevi in children at different latitudes in Sweden.

The number of CMN is systematically underestimated because only those with a diameter of ≥2 mm were counted. Comparisons with other studies are therefore not always possible.

The fact that this is a population-based study implies that all individuals were identified and offered to participate in the study. The nonparticipating rate was of the same magnitude in all municipalities.

Fifteen percent of the children had not always lived in the actual municipality. When classifying earlier residing areas according to UV exposure, only 4% had lived in an area with a different UV radiation intensity. The results did not change when excluding these children from the analysis set.

The results support the Australian data where the prevalence of nevi in 6- to 15-year-old children increased with diminishing latitude (11). Among children at age 6 years, the arithmetic means were 23.6 at latitude 51.1°S and 45.7 at latitude 77.2°S. In a Swedish study of nevi in 8- to 9-year-old children at latitude 56°N, median number of nevi was found to be 8 (10).

An advantage of this study is that the country has a rather homogenous population. Another is that the same nurse examined all children and that the agreement with a dermatologist as regards diagnostics was high. There is therefore no reason to suspect any systematic differences in nevi count between the municipalities.

We found that prevalence of CMN was associated with previously identified risk factors for CMM [e.g., light eye color and light hair color (4, 10-12, 17)]. Red hair color seems to have a protective effect, which has been reported previously (7, 10, 11, 18-20).

We found that holidays at seaside resorts before 2 years of age were associated with higher nevi count, similar to the findings from Germany (17, 21), which supports the view that early sun exposure in childhood is of special importance.

The more the parents liked outdoor tanning, the higher was the number of nevi in their children. It can therefore be argued that the parents' habits have an effect on sun exposure of their children. This has not been reported from other studies. Thus, UV exposure could be regarded as an environmental factor in childhood and as a lifestyle factor among adults.

Conflicting results have been reported on the effect of sunscreens on CMN counts in children (21-24). We found that nevi increased with more frequent use of sunscreen. This effect seemed most likely to be due to undetected confounding as incomplete use of sunscreen. One explanation could be that, among those who were often protected, there was a higher proportion with lighter hair color, with non–brown eyes, who had spent holidays at seaside resorts, who burnt their skin more often, and whose parents fancied outdoor tanning.

The conflicting results according to skin type could be due to difficulties to estimate the color of the skin by the parents.

We have shown that, despite similar tanning habits, there is a marked increase in prevalence of CMN count with diminishing latitude probably due to difference in CIE-UV. The same latitude-related trend is seen in CMM incidence.

To reduce the incidence of CMM, a change in attitude and behavior must start with young children and their parents. In a long-term perspective, changes in attitude and behavior toward more favorable sun habits in both parents and children are necessary, whereas in short-term prevention the advice is to limit or avoid sun exposure and wear protective clothing in the sun. Sunscreen should only be used complementary because they could give a false sense of security. Due to the geographic difference of CIE-UV, even more prevention must be implemented in the south of Sweden.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank the study nurse Yvonne Höijer who carried out all the physical examinations with never-failing enthusiasm; Dr Jenny Hällgren for the validation part; statistician Henrik Dal for excellent assistance with data collection; schools in Kiruna, Piteå, Ljungby, and Falkenberg for their cooperation and the participating families for their time and enthusiasm; and Drs. Johan Hansson and Sveinbjörn Kristjansson and meteorologist Dr. Weine Josefsson for valuable advice in the planning of the study.


   Footnotes
 
Grant support: Stockholm County Council.

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received 5/30/06; revised 10/13/06; accepted 10/24/06.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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Annual Meeting Education Book Cell Growth & Differentiation