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No Relationship between Ovarian Cancer Risk and Progesterone Receptor Gene Polymorphism in a Population-based, Case-Control Study in North Carolina¹

Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Division of Gynecologic Oncology [J. M. L., R. M. W., A. B.], Biostatistics and Bioinformatics [S. H.], Community and Family Medicine [B. C., P. G. M., J. M. S.], Experimental Surgery [J. R. M.], and Pathology [R. C. B.], Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710

	Introduction

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The protective effects of pregnancy and OC³ use on ovarian cancer risk may be attributable to the action of progestins on the ovarian epithelium (1) . It has been hypothesized that a PROGINS is associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. The PROGINS polymorphism has functional significance (2) and was associated with ovarian cancer in a pooled German/Irish population (3) . A study of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers found that the PROGINS allele was associated with a 2.4-times increased risk of ovarian cancer among the subgroup that had never used OCs (4) . In contrast, no association between PROGINS and sporadic ovarian cancer risk has been identified in several studies with ORs ranging from 0.85 to 0.95 (5 , 6) . In light of these conflicting reports, we sought to investigate the hypothesis that the PROGINS allele is associated with increased ovarian cancer risk.

	Materials and Methods

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Study subjects included 309 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 397 age- and race-matched controls enrolled through a population-based, case-control study in a 48 county region in North Carolina. Cases were 20–74 years of age at diagnosis and were identified using a rapid case ascertainment system in conjunction with the population-based North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. Controls were identified through random digit dialing and Health Care Financing Administration phone lists. The response rates for cases and controls were 85% and 52%, respectively. Epidemiological and medical information was obtained from an in-person interview. This study has been described in more detail elsewhere (7) .

Leukocyte DNA was extracted and subjected to PROGINS allelotyping using a PCR-based assay as described previously (5) . Unadjusted and multivariable adjusted ORs and 95% CIs were calculated using unconditional logistic regression.

	Results

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Cases and controls were similar in age, race, education, and income. Among cases, 57% were diagnosed with stage III/IV cancer, 75% had invasive tumors, and 59% were serous.

The study had 80% power to detect an OR of 1.6 for carriers heterozygous for the PROGINS allele and an OR of 2.6 for carriers homozygous for the PROGINS allele compared with noncarriers, for risk of ovarian cancer at an = 0.05 level. Crude ORs for being heterozygous and homozygous for the rare allele compared with the reference group of noncarriers were 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8–1.5) and 0.8 (95% CI, 0.3–1.7), respectively (Table 1) . These results remained unchanged when limiting the cases to invasive cancers only or to invasive cancers of the serous histological subtype. Adjusting for age, race, and menopause did not significantly change any of these ORs.

Stratifying by age, parity, or race revealed no association between the PROGINS allele and ovarian cancer. The PROGINS allele was distributed similarly among those with stage I/II disease and those with stage III/IV. The PROGINS distribution was also similar between invasive cases with undifferentiated/poorly-differentiated cancer and those with moderately/well-differentiated tumors.

	Discussion

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This study supports previous negative studies and is the first population-based, case-control study to examine the relationship between the PROGINS allele and ovarian cancer risk. The existence of epidemiological data, as well as information on cancer stage and histology, allowed us to examine the significance of PROGINS within specific subgroups while controlling for potential confounding factors. The sample size of our study provides sufficient statistical power to detect an association of the level observed previously (3) , but we did not observe a significant association between the PROGINS allele and ovarian cancer risk. Consistent with a previous report (4) there appeared to be some increased risk associated with the PROGINS allele among nonusers of OCs. However, this increased risk should be interpreted cautiously, because the PROGINS distribution among cases who were OC nonusers exactly matches the PROGINS distribution among controls who are OC users.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank Robin Berger, Lantoya Harris, and Nancy Fisher for conducting the interviews.

	Footnotes

 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

¹ This work was supported by NIH Grant 1-R01-CA76016 and Department of Defense Grant DAMD17-98-1-8656.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail: schil001{at}mc.duke.edu

³ The abbreviations used are: OC, oral contraceptive; PROGINS, polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Received 8/30/02; revised 12/20/02; accepted 12/26/02.

	References

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1. Schildkraut J. M., Calingaert B., Marchbanks P. A., Moorman P. G., Rodriguez G. C. Impact of progestin and estrogen potency in oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 294: 32-38, 2002.
2. Kieback D. G., Tong X. W., Weigel N. L., Agoulnik I. U. A genetic mutation in the progesterone receptor (PROGINS) leads to an increased risk of non-familial breast and ovarian cancer causing inadequate control of estrogen receptor driven proliferation. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig., 5: 40a 1998.
3. McKenna N. J., Kieback D. G., Carney D. N., Fanning M., McLinden J., Headon D. R. A. germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene in ovarian carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer, 71: 451-455, 1995.[Medline]
4. Runnebaum I. B., Wang-Gohrke S., Vesprini D., Kreienberg R., Lynch H., Moslehi R., Ghadirian P., Weber B., Godwin A. K., Risch H., Garber J., Lerman C., Olopade O. I., Foulkes W. D., Karlan B., Warner E., Rosen B., Rebbeck T., Tonin P., Dube M. P., Kieback D. G., Narod S. A. Progesterone receptor variant increases ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers who were never exposed to oral contraceptives. Pharmacogenetics, 11: 635-638, 2001.[Medline]
5. Lancaster J. M., Berchuck A., Carney M., Wiseman R. W., Taylor J. A. Progesterone receptor gene and risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 78: 277 1998.
6. Spurdle A. B., Webb P. M., Purdie D. M., Chen X., Green A., Chenevix-Trench G. No significant association between progesterone receptor exon 4 Val660Leu G/T polymorphism and risk of ovarian cancer. Carcinogenesis (Lond.), 22: 717-721, 2001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Moorman P. G., Schildkraut J. M., Calingaert B., Halabi S., Vine M. F., Berchuck A. Ovulation and ovarian cancer: A comparison of two methods for calculating lifetime ovulatory cycles. Cancer Causes Control, 18: 807-811, 2002.

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