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Dinucleotide Repeat in the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Gene Is Not Related to Risk of Colorectal Adenoma¹

Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School [E. G., S. E. H., D. J. H.], and Department of Nutrition [E. G., D. J. H.], Department of Epidemiology [E. G., C. A. H., S. E. H., D. J. H.], and Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention [D. J. H.], Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 [E. A. P.]; and Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2 [M. N. P.]

	Introduction

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IGF-I³ may be associated with bone mineral density in mice (1) and in men with IOM (2) . Rosen et al. (3) examined a polymorphic microsatellite composed of variable length CA repeats 1-kb upstream from the transcription start site of IGF-I among 25 men with IOM. Men with IOM had a significant excess of homozygosity for the most common allele (CA19), and the CA19/19 genotype was associated with lower serum IGF-I compared with other genotypes (129 versus 154 ng/ml; P = 0.03) in normal controls. IGF-I level may also increase risk of colorectal cancer. In the NHS, high plasma IGF-I and low IGFBP-3 concentrations were associated with an elevated risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma (4) . We examined whether this CA repeat predicted risk of colorectal adenoma and plasma IGF-I levels.

	Materials and Methods

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Cases of colorectal adenoma and controls were drawn from participants in the NHS, a prospective study of United States female registered nurses (4) . From 1989 to 1990, 32,826 NHS participants provided a blood specimen, which was processed and frozen. Among these women, the follow-up response rate through 1994 was 98%. Self-reported diagnoses of colorectal adenoma on questionnaires were confirmed through histopathologic reports.

To be eligible for selection as a case or control, a woman must have supplied a blood sample, must have subsequently undergone sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy by 1994, and must not have had a prior cancer or adenoma diagnosis. One control was matched to each case on birth year, month of blood draw, fasting status, year of endoscopy, family history of colorectal cancer, and indication(s) for endoscopy. A total of 249 matched pairs were identified. For 202 of the matched pairs, we previously had assayed plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 using ELISAs with reagents from Diagnostic Systems Laboratory Inc. (Webster, TX; Ref. 4 ).

The methods for DNA extraction and amplification have been described previously (5) . The oligonucleotide primers used for PCR were: 5'-GCTAGCCAGCTGGTGTTATT-3' and 5'-ACCACTCTGGGAGAAGGGTA-3', as described previously (3) . Rapid fragment length detection was performed using the ABI 377 DNA Sequencer (PE Corp.). Representative homozygotes (19/19 and 20/20) were sequenced to confirm (CA)_n repeat number. Amplified products were determined relative to Gene Scan-500 size standard using Genescan and Genotyper Analysis software (PE Corp.). Concordance for blinded quality control samples was 100%.

We computed ORs and 95% CIs using conditional logistic regression (SAS version 6.12; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). We compared mean concentrations of plasma IGF-I and IGFBP-3, by genotype. Differences in means were tested using t tests. The study had 80% power (two-sided test; = 0.05) to detect an OR of 0.59 for all of the other genotypes versus the CA19/29 genotype assuming a CA19/19 prevalence of 0.40.

	Results

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Frequency of CA alleles did not differ appreciably between cases and controls (Table 1) . For cases and controls combined, the most common alleles were CA19 (63%) and CA20 (24%). None of the other alleles exceeded a frequency of 5%.

In the study by Rosen et al. (3) , men with the CA19/20 genotype appeared to have the highest serum IGF-I concentrations. No significant difference was noted for plasma IGF-I concentrations between women possessing the CA19/19 genotype (mean = 168.6 ng/ml; n = 171) compared with all others (mean = 167.7 ng/ml; n = 233; t test; P = 0.88) or to women with the CA19/20 genotype (166.4 ng/ml; n = 117; P = 0.76). Plasma IGFBP-3 also did not differ by genotype. These results were similar for controls and cases.

	Discussion

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Unlike a previous study (3) , we did not find lower circulating IGF-I concentrations in individuals with the CA19/19 genotype, despite a 4-fold greater sample size. In addition, total adenoma and large or villous adenoma were not associated with the CA genotype. Our study could not rule out moderate size. However, if this polymorphism acts by influencing circulating IGF-I levels, an important sized effect would be unlikely, because IGF-I concentrations did not vary among the genotypes.

In conclusion, this study does not support the hypothesis that a CA microsatellite region 1-kb upstream from the IGF-I gene is an important predictor of either circulating IGF-I or IGFBP-3 concentrations, or of risk of colorectal adenoma.

	Acknowledgments

 
We thank the participants in the Nurses’ Health Study for their continuing dedication and commitment; and Rachel Meyer, Michele Lachance, Kathryn Starzyk, and Barbara Vericker for expert and unfailing assistance.

	Footnotes

 
¹ This work was supported by Research Grants CA 40356 and CA 49449 from the NIH, and a grant from the National Cancer Institute of Canada (to M. N. P.).

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: (617) 432-4648; Fax: (617) 432-2435; E-mail: edward.giovannucci{at}channing.harvard.edu

³ The abbreviations used are: IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP-3, IGF binding protein-3; IOM, idiopathic osteoporosis; CA, cytosine-adenosine; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Received 4/18/02; revised 8/ 2/02; accepted 8/19/02.

	References

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1. Rosen C. J., Dimai H. P., Vereault D., Donahue L. R., Beamer W. G., Farley J., Linkhart S., Linkhart T., Mohan S., Baylink D. J. Circulating and skeletal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in two inbred strains of mice with different bone mineral densities. Bone, 21: 217-223, 1997.[Medline]
2. Kurland E. S., Chan F. K., Rosen C. J., Bilezikian J. P. Normal growth hormone secretory reserve in men with idiopathic osteoporosis and reduced circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83: 2576-2579, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Rosen C. J., Kurland E. S., Vereault D., Adler R. A., Rackoff P. J., Craig W. Y., Witte S., Rogers J., Bilezikian J. P. Association between serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and a simple sequence repeat in IGF-I gene: implications for genetic studies of bone mineral density. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83: 2286-2290, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Giovannucci E., Pollak M. N., Platz E. A., Willett W. C., Stampfer M. J., Majeed N., Colditz G. A., Speizer F. E., Hankinson S. E. A prospective study of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and risk of colorectal neoplasia in women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 9: 345-349, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Missmer S. A., Haiman C. A., Hunter D. J., Willett W. C., Colditz G. A., Speizer F. E., Pollak M. N., Hankinson S. E. A sequence repeat in the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene and risk of breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 100: 332-336, 2002.[Medline]

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