This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Zhang, S. M. Articles by Willett, W. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Zhang, S. M. Articles by Willett, W. C.

Intakes of Fruits, Vegetables, and Related Nutrients and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma among Women¹

Departments of Nutrition [S. M. Z., D. J. H., E. L. G., W. C. W.] and Epidemiology [D. J. H., E. L. G., G. A. C., W. C. W.], Harvard School of Public Health, and Channing Laboratory [D. J. H., B. A. R., E. L. G., G. A. C., F. E. S., W. C. W.], Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is etiologically related to suppressed immune status, and certain nutrients found in fruits and vegetables have been associated with increased immune responses. However, limited information exists on associations between intake of fruits, vegetables, and related nutrients and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma risk. We thus examined these associations among 88,410 women in the Nurses’ Health Study cohort who were aged 34–60 years in 1980 and provided dietary information in 1980. During 14 years of follow-up, we documented 199 incident cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Higher intake of fruits and vegetables was associated with a lower risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (P for trend = 0.02); the multivariate relative risk (RR) was 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38–1.02] for women who consumed greater than or equal to six servings per day as compared with those consuming less than three servings per day. When fruits and vegetables were examined separately, intake of vegetables rather than fruits was most clearly associated with a reduced risk (P for trend = 0.02 for vegetables; P for trend = 0.16 for fruits); compared with those consuming less than one serving per day, the multivariate RRs were 0.62 (95% CI, 0.35–1.07) for women who consumed greater than or equal to three servings per day of vegetables and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44–1.12) for women who consumed this amount of fruits. Higher intake of cruciferous vegetables was also associated with a decreased risk (P for trend = 0.03); the multivariate RR was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.40–1.11) for women who consumed greater than or equal to five servings per week as compared with those consuming less than two servings per week. These associations were slightly attenuated when we additionally adjusted for intake of beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish. Intake of dietary fiber from vegetable sources was related to a reduced risk; the multivariate RR was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.34–0.87) for women in the highest quintile as compared with those in the lowest quintile (P for trend = 0.01), and it was slightly attenuated with additional adjustment for saturated and trans unsaturated fats. However, we observed no associations between intakes of specific dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, E, and folate, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma risk. Higher intake of vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables, may reduce the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among women.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				V. Benetou, P. Orfanos, P. Lagiou, D. Trichopoulos, P. Boffetta, and A. Trichopoulou Vegetables and Fruits in Relation to Cancer Risk: Evidence from the Greek EPIC Cohort Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2008; 17(2): 387 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Koutros, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhu, S. T. Mayne, S. H. Zahm, T. R. Holford, B. P. Leaderer, P. Boyle, and T. Zheng Nutrients Contributing to One-Carbon Metabolism and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2008; 167(3): 287 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Herman-Antosiewicz, H. Xiao, K. L. Lew, and S. V. Singh Induction of p21 protein protects against sulforaphane-induced mitotic arrest in LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2007; 6(5): 1673 - 1681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. F. Skibola Obesity, Diet and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2007; 16(3): 392 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. I. Gill, S. Haldar, L. A Boyd, R. Bennett, J. Whiteford, M. Butler, J. R Pearson, I. Bradbury, and I. R Rowland Watercress supplementation in diet reduces lymphocyte DNA damage and alters blood antioxidant status in healthy adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2007; 85(2): 504 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Cho, K. Yoon, S. Chintharlapalli, M. Abdelrahim, P. Lei, S. Hamilton, S. Khan, S. K. Ramaiah, and S. Safe Nur77 Agonists Induce Proapoptotic Genes and Responses in Colon Cancer Cells through Nuclear Receptor-Dependent and Nuclear Receptor-Independent Pathways Cancer Res., January 15, 2007; 67(2): 674 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Choi, K. L. Lew, H. Xiao, A. Herman-Antosiewicz, D. Xiao, C. K. Brown, and S. V. Singh D,L-Sulforaphane-induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells is regulated by inhibitor of apoptosis family proteins and Apaf-1 Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2007; 28(1): 151 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Chang, K. M. Balter, A. Torrang, K. E. Smedby, M. Melbye, C. Sundstrom, B. Glimelius, and H.-O. Adami Nutrient Intake and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2006; 164(12): 1222 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. E Kelemen, J. R Cerhan, U. Lim, S. Davis, W. Cozen, M. Schenk, J. Colt, P. Hartge, and M. H Ward Vegetables, fruit, and antioxidant-related nutrients and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a National Cancer Institute-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population-based case-control study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1401 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Lim, S. Weinstein, D. Albanes, P. Pietinen, L. Teerenhovi, P. R. Taylor, J. Virtamo, and R. Stolzenberg-Solomon Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism in relation to non-hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma in a cohort of male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2006; 15(6): 1109 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Herman-Antosiewicz, D. E. Johnson, and S. V. Singh Sulforaphane Causes Autophagy to Inhibit Release of Cytochrome c and Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., June 1, 2006; 66(11): 5828 - 5835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Polesel, R. Talamini, M. Montella, M. Parpinel, L. Dal Maso, A. Crispo, M. Crovatto, M. Spina, C. La Vecchia, and S. Franceschi Linoleic acid, vitamin D and other nutrient intakes in the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an Italian case-control study Ann. Onc., April 1, 2006; 17(4): 713 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Lim, M. Schenk, L. E. Kelemen, S. Davis, W. Cozen, P. Hartge, M. H. Ward, and R. Stolzenberg-Solomon Dietary Determinants of One-Carbon Metabolism and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: NCI-SEER Case-Control Study, 1998-2000 Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2005; 162(10): 953 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. V. Singh, S. K. Srivastava, S. Choi, K. L. Lew, J. Antosiewicz, D. Xiao, Y. Zeng, S. C. Watkins, C. S. Johnson, D. L. Trump, et al. Sulforaphane-induced Cell Death in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Is Initiated by Reactive Oxygen Species J. Biol. Chem., May 20, 2005; 280(20): 19911 - 19924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Xiao, Y. Zeng, S. Choi, K. L. Lew, J. B. Nelson, and S. V. Singh Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis Induction by Phenethyl Isothiocyanate, a Cruciferous Vegetable-Derived Cancer Chemopreventive Agent, Is Mediated by Bak and Bax Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2670 - 2679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Choi and S. V. Singh Bax and Bak Are Required for Apoptosis Induction by Sulforaphane, a Cruciferous Vegetable-Derived Cancer Chemopreventive Agent Cancer Res., March 1, 2005; 65(5): 2035 - 2043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Chang, K. Ekstrom Smedby, S. M. Zhang, H. Hjalgrim, M. Melbye, A. Ost, B. Glimelius, A. Wolk, and H.-O. Adami Dietary Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2005; 14(2): 512 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-C. Hung, K. J. Joshipura, R. Jiang, F. B. Hu, D. Hunter, S. A. Smith-Warner, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, D. Spiegelman, and W. C. Willett Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease J Natl Cancer Inst, November 3, 2004; 96(21): 1577 - 1584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Purdue, D. G. Bassani, N. S. Klar, M. Sloan, N. Kreiger, and The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Resear Dietary Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma by Histologic Subtype: A Case-Control Analysis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2004; 13(10): 1665 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Bahl, M. Cotterchio, N. Kreiger, and N. Klar Antidepressant Medication Use and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Risk: No Association Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2004; 160(6): 566 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. V. Singh, A. Herman-Antosiewicz, A. V. Singh, K. L. Lew, S. K. Srivastava, R. Kamath, K. D. Brown, L. Zhang, and R. Baskaran Sulforaphane-induced G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest Involves Checkpoint Kinase 2-mediated Phosphorylation of Cell Division Cycle 25C J. Biol. Chem., June 11, 2004; 279(24): 25813 - 25822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Xiao, C. S. Johnson, D. L. Trump, and S. V. Singh Proteasome-mediated degradation of cell division cycle 25C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced G2-M-phase cell cycle arrest in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2004; 3(5): 567 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Zheng, T. R. Holford, B. Leaderer, Y. Zhang, S. H. Zahm, S. Flynn, G. Tallini, B. Zhang, K. Zhou, P. H. Owens, et al. Diet and Nutrient Intakes and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Connecticut Women Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2004; 159(5): 454 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. V. Singh, D. Xiao, K. L. Lew, R. Dhir, and S. V. Singh Sulforaphane induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cultured PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and retards growth of PC-3 xenografts in vivo Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2004; 25(1): 83 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, Y. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett A Prospective Study of Cruciferous Vegetables and Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1403 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Padayatty, A. Katz, Y. Wang, P. Eck, O. Kwon, J.-H. Lee, S. Chen, C. Corpe, A. Dutta, S. K Dutta, et al. Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 22(1): 18 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Cerhan, C. A. Janney, C. M. Vachon, T. M. Habermann, N. E. Kay, J. D. Potter, T. A. Sellers, and A. R. Folsom Anthropometric Characteristics, Physical Activity, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Subtypes and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Prospective Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2002; 156(6): 527 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Vose, B. C.-H. Chiu, B. D. Cheson, J. Dancey, and J. Wright Update on Epidemiology and Therapeutics for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Hematology, January 1, 2002; 2002(1): 241 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Talalay and J. W. Fahey Phytochemicals from Cruciferous Plants Protect against Cancer by Modulating Carcinogen Metabolism J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 3027S - 3033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Brown, T. Byers, K. Thompson, B. Eldridge, C. Doyle, A. M. Williams, and American Cancer Society Workgroup on Nutrition and Nutrition During and After Cancer Treatment: A Guide for Informed Choices by Cancer Survivors CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2001; 51(3): 153 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]