This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Scherer, G. Articles by Renner, T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Scherer, G. Articles by Renner, T.

Biomonitoring of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Nonoccupationally Exposed Persons¹

Analytisch-biologisches Forschungslabor, D-80336 München, Germany

In a field study with 69 subjects, we investigated the influence of smoking, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), diet, and location of residence on biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) adducts of hemoglobin and albumin. The self-reported smoking status and the extent of ETS exposure were verified by urinary cotinine measurements. ETS exposure was quantified by nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine measurements on personal samplers worn by the nonsmokers over 5 or 7 days before blood and urine samples were collected. Smokers (n = 27), on average, excreted 0.346 µg/24 h 1-hydroxypyrene, whereas the corresponding value for nonsmokers (n = 42) was 0.157 µg/24 h. Average BaP adduct levels with hemoglobin and albumin were 0.105 fmol/mg and 0.042 fmol/mg, respectively, for smokers, and 0.068 fmol/mg and 0.020 fmol/mg, respectively, for nonsmokers. The differences, except for the hemoglobin adducts, were statistically significant. Of the 42 nonsmokers, 19 were classified as passive smokers. There was no significant difference in the PAH biomarkers between nonsmokers exposed to ETS and those not or rarely exposed to ETS.

Total dietary BaP intake, as calculated from questionnaire data, did not correlate with any of the PAH biomarkers (r < 0.1). Subjects living in the suburbs tended to have higher BaP-protein adduct levels than subjects living in the city.

Our findings suggest that diet and smoking are major sources for PAH exposure of persons not occupationally exposed to PAH, whereas the influence of ETS exposure is negligible. The lack of correlation between the dietary PAH intake and the PAH biomarkers may be due to the inaccuracy of the estimate for the dietary PAH intake.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. Sadikovic, J. Andrews, D. Carter, J. Robinson, and D. I. Rodenhiser Genome-wide H3K9 Histone Acetylation Profiles Are Altered in Benzopyrene-treated MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2008; 283(7): 4051 - 4060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Gyorffy, L. Anna, K. Kovacs, P. Rudnai, and B. Schoket Correlation between biomarkers of human exposure to genotoxins with focus on carcinogen-DNA adducts Mutagenesis, January 1, 2008; 23(1): 1 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. K. Tong and S. A. Glantz Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, October 16, 2007; 116(16): 1845 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Tuntawiroon, C. Mahidol, P. Navasumrit, H. Autrup, and M. Ruchirawat Increased health risk in Bangkok children exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from traffic-related sources Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2007; 28(4): 816 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Maina, M. Manzari, A. Palmas, V. Passini, and F. L. Filon Risk assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by means of urinary1-hydroxypyrene Toxicology and Industrial Health, February 1, 2007; 23(1): 55 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. K. Hockings, P. A. Thorne, M. Q. Kemp, S. S. Morgan, O. Selmin, and D. F. Romagnolo The Ligand Status of the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates Transcriptional Activation of BRCA-1 Promoter by Estrogen Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 66(4): 2224 - 2232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Culea, O. Cozar, and E. Culea PAHs in Cigarette Smoke by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Indoor and Built Environment, June 1, 2005; 14(3-4): 283 - 292. [Abstract] [PDF]

				W.-Y. Huang, N. Chatterjee, S. Chanock, M. Dean, M. Yeager, R. E. Schoen, L.-F. Hou, S. I. Berndt, S. Yadavalli, C. C. Johnson, et al. Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Polymorphisms and Risk for Advanced Colorectal Adenoma Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 152 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G Castano-Vinyals, A D'Errico, N Malats, and M Kogevinas Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental air pollution Occup. Environ. Med., April 1, 2004; 61(4): e12 - 12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E Siwinska, D Mielzynska, and L Kapka Association between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and genotoxic effects in coke oven workers Occup. Environ. Med., March 1, 2004; 61(3): e10 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S S Hecht Carcinogen derived biomarkers: applications in studies of human exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke Tob. Control, March 1, 2004; 13(90001): i48 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sorensen, H. Autrup, O. Hertel, H. Wallin, L. E. Knudsen, and S. Loft Personal Exposure to PM2.5 and Biomarkers of DNA Damage Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2003; 12(3): 191 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. H. Phillips Smoking-related DNA and protein adducts in human tissues Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2002; 23(12): 1979 - 2004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G. Carmella, M. Chen, P. W. Villalta, J. G. Gurney, D. K. Hatsukami, and S. S. Hecht Ethylation and methylation of hemoglobin in smokers and non-smokers Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2002; 23(11): 1903 - 1910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Besaratinia, L.M. Maas, E.M.C. Brouwer, E.J.C. Moonen, T.M.C.M. De Kok, G.J. Wesseling, S. Loft, J.C.S. Kleinjans, and F.J. Van Schooten A molecular dosimetry approach to assess human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in pubs Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2002; 23(7): 1171 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Hecht Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2002; 23(6): 907 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Georgiadis, J. Topinka, M. Stoikidou, S. Kaila, M. Gioka, K. Katsouyanni, R. Sram, H. Autrup, and S. A. Kyrtopoulos Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2001; 22(9): 1447 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Boudreau, D. G. Baker, H. W. Taylor, S. A. Barker, and J. C. Means Suppression of Arylamine Toxicity in the Fischer-344 Rat Following Ingestion of a Complex Mixture Toxicol Pathol, April 1, 2001; 29(3): 333 - 343. [Abstract] [PDF]