This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lampe, J. W. Articles by Slavin, J. L. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lampe, J. W. Articles by Slavin, J. L.

Urinary Isoflavonoid and Lignan Excretion on a Western Diet: Relation to Soy, Vegetable, and Fruit Intake¹

Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 [J. W. L., S. L., J. D. P.]; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 [D. R. G., A. M. H., M. C. M., J. L. S.]; Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [K. W.]; and Coordinating Centers for Biometric Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis 55414 [G. A. G.]

Dietary isoflavone and lignan phytoestrogens are potential chemopreventive agents. This has led to a need to monitor exposure to these compounds in human populations and to determine which components of a mixed diet contribute to the exposure. Typically, urinary isoflavonoid excretion is associated with soy consumption and that of lignans is associated with whole grains. However, other plant foods are known to contain phytoestrogen precursors. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion and intakes of vegetables and fruits (V&F). Isoflavonoids (genistein, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, and equol) and lignans (enterolactone, enterodiol, and matairesinol) were measured in urine collected for 3 days from 49 male and 49 female volunteers (age, 18–37 years) reporting a wide range of habitual V&F intakes. Dietary intakes were assessed using 5-day diet records and a food frequency questionnaire. V&F groupings (total V&F, total V, total F, soyfoods, and V&F grouped by botanical families) were used to assess the relationship between V&F intake and urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion. Pearson correlations were performed. Intake of soyfoods was correlated significantly with urinary genistein (r = 0.40; P = 0.0001), O-desmethylangolensin (r = 0.37; P = 0.0002), daidzein (r = 0.34; P = 0.0007), and the sum of isoflavonoids (r = 0.39; P = 0.0001). There was no association between equol excretion and soy intake or between the isoflavonoids and any other V&F groupings. In addition, isoflavonoid excretion was correlated positively with intake of high-fat and processed meats, particularly among men who did not consume soy. This suggests that, even in the United States, on a Western diet, soyfoods are the primary contributors to isoflavone intake; however, additional "hidden sources" of soy may also contribute to exposure. In contrast, a variety of fiber-containing foods contributed to lignan excretion; the sum of the urinary lignans, enterodiol, enterolactone, and matairesinol, was associated with intake of total F (r = 0.27; P = 0.008), total V&F (r = 0.25; P = 0.01), soyfoods (r = 0.28; P = 0.006), and dietary fiber (r = 0.36; P = 0.0003). Overall, urinary phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids + lignans) were significantly higher in "high" compared with "low" V&F consumers. Compared with the "low" V&F group, the "high" group consumed diets that were, on average, higher in fiber and carbohydrate and soyfoods and lower in fat; thus, the urinary phytoestrogens may also be a useful marker of healthier dietary patterns.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Atkinson, K. M Newton, E. J A. Bowles, M. Yong, and J. W Lampe Demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors and dietary intakes in relation to daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes among premenopausal women in the United States Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87(3): 679 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-A. Lee, W. Wen, Y.-B. Xiang, S. Barnes, D. Liu, Q. Cai, W. Zheng, and X. O. Shu Assessment of Dietary Isoflavone Intake among Middle-Aged Chinese Men J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1011 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. French, L. U. Thompson, and G. A. Hawker Validation of a Phytoestrogen Food Frequency Questionnaire with Urinary Concentrations of Isoflavones and Lignan Metabolites in Premenopausal Women J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 26(1): 76 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Nakajima, M. Itoh, H. Yamanaka, T. Fukami, S. Tokudome, Y. Yamamoto, H. Yamamoto, and T. Yokoi Isoflavones Inhibit Nicotine C-Oxidation Catalyzed by Human CYP2A6. J. Clin. Pharmacol., March 1, 2006; 46(3): 337 - 344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. E. J. Milder, E. J. M. Feskens, I. C. W. Arts, H. B. B. de Mesquita, P. C. H. Hollman, and D. Kromhout Intake of the Plant Lignans Secoisolariciresinol, Matairesinol, Lariciresinol, and Pinoresinol in Dutch Men and Women J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1202 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Butler, W.-P. Koh, H.-P. Lee, M. C. Yu, and S. J. London Dietary Fiber and Reduced Cough with Phlegm: A Cohort Study in Singapore Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2004; 170(3): 279 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Nettleton, K. A. Greany, W. Thomas, K. E. Wangen, H. Adlercreutz, and M. S. Kurzer Plasma Phytoestrogens Are Not Altered by Probiotic Consumption in Postmenopausal Women with and without a History of Breast Cancer J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 1998 - 2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, L. Kok, D. E. Grobbee, E. H. F. de Haan, A. Aleman, J. W. Lampe, and Y. T. van der Schouw Effect of Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones on Cognitive Function, Bone Mineral Density, and Plasma Lipids in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, July 7, 2004; 292(1): 65 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. B. Grace, J. I. Taylor, Y.-L. Low, R. N. Luben, A. A. Mulligan, N. P. Botting, M. Dowsett, A. A. Welch, K.-T. Khaw, N. J. Wareham, et al. Phytoestrogen Concentrations in Serum and Spot Urine as Biomarkers for Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake and Their Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2004; 13(5): 698 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Maubach, H. T. Depypere, J. Goeman, J. Van Der Eycken, A. Heyerick, M. E. Bracke, P. Blondeel, and D. De Keukeleire Distribution of Soy-Derived Phytoestrogens in Human Breast Tissue and Biological Fluids Obstet. Gynecol., May 1, 2004; 103(5): 892 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Keinan-Boker, Y. T van Der Schouw, D. E Grobbee, and P. H. Peeters Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2004; 79(2): 282 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. N. Begum, C. Nicolle, I. Mila, C. Lapierre, K. Nagano, K. Fukushima, S.-M. Heinonen, H. Adlercreutz, C. Remesy, and A. Scalbert Dietary Lignins Are Precursors of Mammalian Lignans in Rats J. Nutr., January 1, 2004; 134(1): 120 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Lampe Isoflavonoid and Lignan Phytoestrogens as Dietary Biomarkers J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 956S - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Stumpf and H. Adlercreutz Short-Term Variations in Enterolactone in Serum, 24-Hour Urine, and Spot Urine and Relationship with Enterolactone Concentrations Clin. Chem., January 1, 2003; 49(1): 178 - 181. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. K. Boker, Y. T. Van der Schouw, M. J. J. De Kleijn, P. F. Jacques, D. E. Grobbee, and P. H. M. Peeters Intake of Dietary Phytoestrogens by Dutch Women J. Nutr., June 1, 2002; 132(6): 1319 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Atkinson, H. E. Skor, E. D. Fitzgibbons, D. Scholes, C. Chen, K. Wahala, S. M. Schwartz, and J. W. Lampe Overnight Urinary Isoflavone Excretion in a Population of Women Living in the United States, and Its Relationship to Isoflavone Intake Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2002; 11(3): 253 - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. K. Horner, A. R. Kristal, J. Prunty, H. E. Skor, J. D. Potter, and J. W. Lampe Dietary Determinants of Plasma Enterolactone Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2002; 11(1): 121 - 126. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Kilkkinen, K. Stumpf, P. Pietinen, L. M Valsta, H. Tapanainen, and H. Adlercreutz Determinants of serum enterolactone concentration Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73(6): 1094 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Pietinen, K. Stumpf, S. Männistö, V. Kataja, M. Uusitupa, and H. Adlercreutz Serum Enterolactone and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Eastern Finland Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2001; 10(4): 339 - 344. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				I. d. Tonkelaar, L. Keinan-Boker, P. Van’t Veer, C. J. M. Arts, H. Adlercreutz, J. H. H. Thijssen, and P. H. M. Peeters Urinary Phytoestrogens and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2001; 10(3): 223 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. Stumpf, P. Pietinen, P. Puska, and H. Adlercreutz Changes in Serum Enterolactone, Genistein, and Daidzein in a Dietary Intervention Study in Finland Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1369 - 1372. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. M. Hutchins, M. C. Martini, B. A. Olson, W. Thomas, and J. L. Slavin Flaxseed Influences Urinary Lignan Excretion in a Dose-dependent Manner in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2000; 9(10): 1113 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text]