This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Hayes, R. B. Articles by Hoover, R. N. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hayes, R. B. Articles by Hoover, R. N.

Dietary Factors and Risks for Prostate Cancer among Blacks and Whites in the United States¹

Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [R. B. H., R. G. Z., G. G., C. S., D. T. S., L. M. B., J. F. F., R. N. H.]; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329 [R. S. G., J. L.]; Michigan Cancer Foundation, Detroit, Michigan 48201 [G. M. S., A. G. S.]; Special Epidemiology Program, New Jersey State Department of Health, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 [J. B. S.]; and Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [L. M. P.]

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men in the United States, with substantially higher rates among American blacks than whites. We carried out a population-based case-control study in three geographic areas of the United States to evaluate the reasons for the racial disparity in incidence rates. A total of 932 men (449 black men and 483 white men) who had been newly diagnosed with pathologically confirmed prostate cancer and 1201 controls (543 black men and 658 white men) were interviewed in person to elicit information on potential risk factors. This report evaluates the impact of dietary factors, particularly the consumption of animal products and animal fat, on the risk of prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States.

Increased consumption (grams/day) of foods high in animal fat was linked to prostate cancer (independent of intake of other calories) among American blacks [by quartile of intake, odds ratio (OR) = 1.0 (referent), 1.5, 2.1, and 2.0; P_trend = 0.007], but not among American whites [by quartile of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 1.6, 1.5, and 1.1; P_trend = 0.90]. However, risks for advanced prostate cancer were higher with greater intake of foods high in animal fat among blacks [by quartile of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 2.2, 4.2, and 3.1; P_trend = 0.006] and whites [by quartile of intake, OR = 1.0 (referent), 2.2, 2.6, and 2.4; P_trend = 0.02]. Increased intake of animal fat as a proportion of total caloric intake also showed positive but weaker associations with advanced prostate cancer among blacks (P_trend = 0.13) and whites (P_trend = 0.08). No clear associations were found with vitamin A, calcium, or specific lycopene-rich foods.

The study linked greater consumption of fat from animal sources to increased risk for prostate cancer among American blacks and to advanced prostate cancer among American blacks and whites. A reduction of fat from animal sources in the diet could lead to decreased incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer, particularly among American blacks.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. E. Bekkering, R. J. Harris, S. Thomas, A.-M. B. Mayer, R. Beynon, A. R. Ness, R. M. Harbord, C. Bain, G. D. Smith, and J. A. C. Sterne How Much of the Data Published in Observational Studies of the Association between Diet and Prostate or Bladder Cancer Is Usable for Meta-Analysis? Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2008; 167(9): 1017 - 1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. A. Kirsh, U. Peters, S. T. Mayne, A. F. Subar, N. Chatterjee, C. C. Johnson, and R. B. Hayes Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, August 1, 2007; 99(15): 1200 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Kavanaugh, P. R. Trumbo, and K. C. Ellwood The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Evidence-Based Review for Qualified Health Claims: Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 18, 2007; 99(14): 1074 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Tang, J. J. Liu, A. Rundle, C. Neslund-Dudas, A. T. Savera, C. H. Bock, N. L. Nock, J. J. Yang, and B. A. Rybicki Grilled Meat Consumption and PhIP-DNA Adducts in Prostate Carcinogenesis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 803 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rodriguez, S. J. Freedland, A. Deka, E. J. Jacobs, M. L. McCullough, A. V. Patel, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2007; 16(1): 63 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci, Y. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett A prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 203 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rodriguez, M. L. McCullough, A. M. Mondul, E. J. Jacobs, A. Chao, A. V. Patel, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Meat Consumption among Black and White Men and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 211 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. A. Kirsh, S. T. Mayne, U. Peters, N. Chatterjee, M. F. Leitzmann, L. B. Dixon, D. A. Urban, E. D. Crawford, and R. B. Hayes A Prospective Study of Lycopene and Tomato Product Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2006; 15(1): 92 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Chan, P. H. Gann, and E. L. Giovannucci Role of Diet in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression J. Clin. Oncol., November 10, 2005; 23(32): 8152 - 8160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Wang, D. H. Catlin, B. Starcevic, D. Heber, C. Ambler, N. Berman, G. Lucas, A. Leung, K. Schramm, P. W. N. Lee, et al. Low-Fat High-Fiber Diet Decreased Serum and Urine Androgens in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3550 - 3559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tseng, R. A Breslow, B. I Graubard, and R. G Ziegler Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intakes and prostate cancer risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2005; 81(5): 1147 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Baron, M. Beach, K. Wallace, M. V. Grau, R. S. Sandler, J. S. Mandel, D. Heber, and E. R. Greenberg Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Randomized Clinical Trial of Calcium Supplementation Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 586 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. L. Hantz, L. F. Young, and K. R. Martin Physiologically Attainable Concentrations of Lycopene Induce Mitochondrial Apoptosis in LNCaP Human Prostate Cancer Cells Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2005; 230(3): 171 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bidoli, R. Talamini, C. Bosetti, E. Negri, D. Maruzzi, M. Montella, S. Franceschi, and C. La Vecchia Macronutrients, fatty acids, cholesterol and prostate cancer risk Ann. Onc., January 1, 2005; 16(1): 152 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Gilligan, P. S. Wang, R. Levin, P. W. Kantoff, and J. Avorn Racial Differences in Screening for Prostate Cancer in the Elderly Arch Intern Med, September 27, 2004; 164(17): 1858 - 1864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. K. Dennis, L. G. Snetselaar, B. J. Smith, R. E. Stewart, and M. E. C. Robbins Problems with the Assessment of Dietary Fat in Prostate Cancer Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2004; 160(5): 436 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F Leitzmann, M. J Stampfer, D. S Michaud, K. Augustsson, G. C Colditz, W. C Willett, and E. L Giovannucci Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2004; 80(1): 204 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Deeb, H. Jiang, X. Gao, M. S. Hafner, H. Wong, G. Divine, R. A. Chapman, S. A. Dulchavsky, and S. C. Gautam Curcumin sensitizes prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2L by inhibiting nuclear factor-{kappa}B through suppression of I{kappa}B{alpha} phosphorylation Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2004; 3(7): 803 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Etminan, B. Takkouche, and F. Caamano-Isorna The Role of Tomato Products and Lycopene in the Prevention of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2004; 13(3): 340 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Nowell, D. L. Ratnasinghe, C. B. Ambrosone, S. Williams, T. Teague-Ross, L. Trimble, G. Runnels, A. Carrol, B. Green, A. Stone, et al. Association of SULT1A1 Phenotype and Genotype with Prostate Cancer Risk in African-Americans and Caucasians Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2004; 13(2): 270 - 276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Amling, R. H. Riffenburgh, L. Sun, J. W. Moul, R. S. Lance, L. Kusuda, W. J. Sexton, D. W. Soderdahl, T. F. Donahue, J. P. Foley, et al. Pathologic Variables and Recurrence Rates As Related to Obesity and Race in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 439 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. S. Kunkel, B. Meyer, C. Daskalakis, J. Cocroft, K. Jennings-Dozier, and R. E. Myers Behaviors Used by Men to Protect Themselves against Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 78 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rodriguez, M. L. McCullough, A. M. Mondul, E. J. Jacobs, D. Fakhrabadi-Shokoohi, E. L. Giovannucci, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Calcium, Dairy Products, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of United States Men Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2003; 12(7): 597 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Wilkinson and G. W. Chodak Critical Review of Complementary Therapies for Prostate Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., June 1, 2003; 21(11): 2199 - 2210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chen, B. A. Miller, E. Giovannucci, and R. B. Hayes Height and the Survival of Prostate Cancer Patients Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2003; 12(3): 215 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci A Review of Epidemiologic Studies of Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2002; 227(10): 852 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Platz Energy Imbalance and Prostate Cancer J. Nutr., November 1, 2002; 132(11): 3471S - 3481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Kristal, J. H. Cohen, P. Qu, and J. L. Stanford Associations of Energy, Fat, Calcium, and Vitamin D with Prostate Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2002; 11(8): 719 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Vogt, S. T. Mayne, B. I. Graubard, C. A. Swanson, A. L. Sowell, J. B. Schoenberg, G. M. Swanson, R. S. Greenberg, R. N. Hoover, R. B. Hayes, et al. Serum Lycopene, Other Serum Carotenoids, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in US Blacks and Whites Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2002; 155(11): 1023 - 1032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, Y. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett A Prospective Study of Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, March 6, 2002; 94(5): 391 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M Chan, M. J Stampfer, J. Ma, P. H Gann, J M. Gaziano, and E. L Giovannucci Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians' Health Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 549 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Brown, T. Byers, K. Thompson, B. Eldridge, C. Doyle, A. M. Williams, and American Cancer Society Workgroup on Nutrition and Nutrition During and After Cancer Treatment: A Guide for Informed Choices by Cancer Survivors CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2001; 51(3): 153 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Hoffman, F. D. Gilliland, J. W. Eley, L. C. Harlan, R. A. Stephenson, J. L. Stanford, P. C. Albertson, A. S. Hamilton, W. C. Hunt, and A. L. Potosky Racial and Ethnic Differences in Advanced-Stage Prostate Cancer: the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study J Natl Cancer Inst, March 7, 2001; 93(5): 388 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. N. Kolonel, J. H. Hankin, A. S. Whittemore, A. H. Wu, R. P. Gallagher, L. R. Wilkens, E. M. John, G. R. Howe, D. M. Dreon, D. W. West, et al. Vegetables, Fruits, Legumes and Prostate Cancer: A Multiethnic Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2000; 9(8): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. C. Bosland Chapter 2: The Role of Steroid Hormones in Prostate Carcinogenesis J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, July 1, 2000; 2000(27): 39 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. M. Messing, J. Manola, M. Sarosdy, G. Wilding, E. D. Crawford, and D. Trump Immediate Hormonal Therapy Compared with Observation after Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Men with Node-Positive Prostate Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., December 9, 1999; 341(24): 1781 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Bosland, I. Oakley-Girvan, and A. S. Whittemore Dietary Fat, Calories, and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 489 - 491. [Full Text] [PDF]