Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, Vol 6, Issue 8 557-563, Copyright © 1997 by American Association for Cancer Research

ARTICLES

Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer

E Giovannucci, EB Rimm, MJ Stampfer, GA Colditz and WC Willett
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.

Using data from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, we prospectively examined the relationships between height, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, and risk of total and advanced (extraprostatic and metastatic) prostate cancer. In addition, we assessed adiposity during childhood, adolescence, and early, middle, and late adulthood using pictograms in relation to prostate cancer risk. Between 1986 and 1994, 1,369 cases of prostate cancer (excluding stage A1) were confirmed in 47,781 men. Adult body mass index and waist and hip circumferences were not appreciably related to risk of total prostate cancer or advanced prostate cancer. In contrast, preadult (age 10) obesity assessed in 33,336 men in 1988 was prospectively related to lower risk of advanced [relative risk (RR) = 0.72 with 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.47-1.10, between high and low quintiles; P(trend) = 0.06] and metastatic prostate cancer (RR = 0.38 with 95% CI = 0.19-0.77; P(trend) = 0.004). For the advanced lesions, an association was observed with height (RR = 1.68 with 95% CI = 1.16-2.43 for men 74 inches or taller, relative to men 68 inches or shorter; P(trend) = 0.01). In an analysis limited to particularly aggressive forms of prostate cancer, i.e., cases found to be metastatic at time of diagnosis between 1988 and 1994 after a negative digital rectal examination in 1988, we found that obesity at ages 5 and 10 had a strong inverse association (RR = 0.16 with 95% CI = 0.05-0.54, between high and low quintiles at age 10) and that tallness had a strong direct association with risk of metastatic disease (RR = 2.29 with 95% CI = 1.04-5.05, for height > or = 74 inches versus < or = 68 inches). Our findings suggest that the preadult hormonal milieu, as reflected in attained height and childhood obesity, may have a strong influence on prostate carcinogenesis.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				L. Zuccolo, R. Harris, D. Gunnell, S. Oliver, J. A. Lane, M. Davis, J. Donovan, D. Neal, F. Hamdy, R. Beynon, et al. Height and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Large Nested Case-Control Study (ProtecT) and Meta-analysis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2008; 17(9): 2325 - 2336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Minami, T. Tochigi, S. Kawamura, H. Tateno, S. Hoshi, Y. Nishino, and M. Kuwahara Height, Urban-born and Prostate Cancer Risk in Japanese Men Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2008; 38(3): 205 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Littman, E. White, and A. R. Kristal Anthropometrics and Prostate Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2007; 165(11): 1271 - 1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Freedland and E. A. Platz Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Making Sense out of Apparently Conflicting Data Epidemiol. Rev., May 3, 2007; (2007) mxm006v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rodriguez, S. J. Freedland, A. Deka, E. J. Jacobs, M. L. McCullough, A. V. Patel, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2007; 16(1): 63 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Kasper and E. Giovannucci A Meta-analysis of Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2006; 15(11): 2056 - 2062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S.P. Sequoia, M. E. Wright, P. McCarron, P. Pietinen, P. R. Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes A Prospective Investigation of Height and Prostate Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2006; 15(11): 2174 - 2178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Gong, M. L. Neuhouser, P. J. Goodman, D. Albanes, C. Chi, A. W. Hsing, S. M. Lippman, E. A. Platz, M. N. Pollak, I. M. Thompson, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of prostate cancer: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1977 - 1983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Lockett, M.C. Hall, P. E. Clark, S.-C. Chuang, B. Robinson, H.-Y. Lin, L.J. Su, and J. J. Hu DNA damage levels in prostate cancer cases and controls Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1187 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Freedland, W. J. Aronson, B. Trock, P. Cohen, C. J. Kane, C. L. Amling, J. C. Presti Jr., M. K. Terris, and for the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospit Racial Differences in Prognostic Value of Adult Height for Biochemical Progression Following Radical Prostatectomy Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 11(21): 7735 - 7742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. R. Robinson, J. Stevens, M. D. Gammon, and E. M. John Obesity before Age 30 Years and Risk of Advanced Prostate Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2005; 161(12): 1107 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Laukkanen, D. E. Laaksonen, L. Niskanen, E. Pukkala, A. Hakkarainen, and J. T. Salonen Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Prostate Cancer in Finnish Men: A Population-Based Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2004; 13(10): 1646 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Rohrmann, E. Smit, E. Giovannucci, and E. A. Platz Associations of Obesity with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Noncancer Prostate Surgery in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2004; 159(4): 390 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Amling, R. H. Riffenburgh, L. Sun, J. W. Moul, R. S. Lance, L. Kusuda, W. J. Sexton, D. W. Soderdahl, T. F. Donahue, J. P. Foley, et al. Pathologic Variables and Recurrence Rates As Related to Obesity and Race in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 439 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Freedland, W. J. Aronson, C. J. Kane, J. C. Presti Jr, C. L. Amling, D. Elashoff, and M. K. Terris Impact of Obesity on Biochemical Control After Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A Report by the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital Database Study Group J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 446 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. I. Neugut, A. C. Chen, and D. P. Petrylak The "Skinny" on Obesity and Prostate Cancer Prognosis J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 395 - 398. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. MacInnis, D. R. English, D. M. Gertig, J. L. Hopper, and G. G. Giles Body Size and Composition and Prostate Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1417 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A. Platz, M. F. Leitzmann, D. S. Michaud, W. C. Willett, and E. Giovannucci Interrelation of Energy Intake, Body Size, and Physical Activity with Prostate Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort Study Cancer Res., December 1, 2003; 63(23): 8542 - 8548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, Y. Liu, M. Leitzmann, K. Wu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Body Mass Index and Risk of Prostate Cancer in U.S. Health Professionals J Natl Cancer Inst, August 20, 2003; 95(16): 1240 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, and M. J. Thun Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults N. Engl. J. Med., April 24, 2003; 348(17): 1625 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Chen, B. A. Miller, E. Giovannucci, and R. B. Hayes Height and the Survival of Prostate Cancer Patients Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2003; 12(3): 215 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chang, X. Wu, H. Yu, and M. R. Spitz Plasma Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factors among Healthy Adult Men and Postmenopausal Women: Associations with Body Composition, Lifestyle, and Reproductive Factors Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2002; 11(8): 758 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. D. Wolinsky, J. Krygiel, and K. W. Wyrwich Hospitalization for Prostate Cancer Among the Older Men in the Longitudinal Study on Aging, 1984-1991 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2002; 57(2): M115 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. J. M. Dirx, P. A. van den Brandt, R. A. Goldbohm, and L. H. Lumey Energy Restriction in Childhood and Adolescence and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2001; 154(6): 530 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Field, E. H. Coakley, A. Must, J. L. Spadano, N. Laird, W. H. Dietz, E. Rimm, and G. A. Colditz Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases During a 10-Year Period Arch Intern Med, July 9, 2001; 161(13): 1581 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rodriguez, A. V. Patel, E. E. Calle, E. J. Jacobs, A. Chao, and M. J. Thun Body Mass Index, Height, and Prostate Cancer Mortality in Two Large Cohorts of Adult Men in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2001; 10(4): 345 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Stattin, S. Söderberg, G. Hallmans, A. Bylund, R. Kaaks, U.-H. Stenman, A. Bergh, and T. Olsson Leptin Is Associated with Increased Prostate Cancer Risk: A Nested Case-Referent Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1341 - 1345. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. A. Platz, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett, P. W. Kantoff, and E. Giovannucci Racial Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence and in Hormonal System Markers Among Male Health Professionals J Natl Cancer Inst, December 20, 2000; 92(24): 2009 - 2017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Stattin, A. Bylund, S. Rinaldi, C. Biessy, H. Dechaud, U.-H. Stenman, L. Egevad, E. Riboli, G. Hallmans, and R. Kaaks Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Prospective Study J Natl Cancer Inst, December 6, 2000; 92(23): 1910 - 1917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. W. Hsing, J. Deng, I. A. Sesterhenn, F. K. Mostofi, F. Z. Stanczyk, J. Benichou, T. Xie, and Y.-T. Gao Body Size and Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Case-Control Study in China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1335 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. C. Willett Diet and Cancer Oncologist, October 1, 2000; 5(5): 393 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Clarke and A. S. Whittemore Prostate Cancer Risk in Relation to Anthropometry and Physical Activity: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiological Follow-Up Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2000; 9(9): 875 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. G. Kaklamani, A. Linos, E. Kaklamani, I. Markaki, Y. Koumantaki, and C. S. Mantzoros Dietary Fat and Carbohydrates Are Independently Associated With Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor–Binding Protein 3 Concentrations in Healthy Adults J. Clin. Oncol., October 1, 1999; 17(10): 3291 - 3298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, A. Ascherio, G. A. Colditz, D. Spiegelman, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Smoking and Risk of Total and Fatal Prostate Cancer in United States Health Professionals1 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 1999; 8(4): 277 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Bosland, I. Oakley-Girvan, and A. S. Whittemore Dietary Fat, Calories, and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 489 - 491. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mukherjee, A. V. Sotnikov, H. J. Mangian, J.-R. Zhou, W. J. Visek, and S. K. Clinton Energy Intake and Prostate Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 512 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. G. Kaklamani, A. Linos, E. Kaklamani, I. Markaki, and C. Mantzoros Age, Sex, and Smoking Are Predictors of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor–Binding Protein 3 J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 1999; 17(3): 813 - 813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. B. Hayes, R. G. Ziegler, G. Gridley, C. Swanson, R. S. Greenberg, G. M. Swanson, J. B. Schoenberg, D. T. Silverman, L. M. Brown, L. M. Pottern, et al. Dietary Factors and Risks for Prostate Cancer among Blacks and Whites in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 1999; 8(1): 25 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. M. Chan, M. J. Stampfer, E. Giovannucci, P. H. Gann, J. Ma, P. Wilkinson, C. H. Hennekens, and M. Pollak Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study Science, January 23, 1998; 279(5350): 563 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text]