Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, Vol 4, Issue 2 85-92, Copyright © 1995 by American Association for Cancer Research

ARTICLES

Obesity, alcohol, and tobacco as risk factors for cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia: adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma

TL Vaughan, S Davis, A Kristal and DB Thomas
Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.

Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia were once rare. However, for unknown reasons, their incidence has been increasing rapidly over the past 15 years in the United States and parts of Western Europe. In contrast, the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas has remained relatively constant. To investigate possible reasons for these diverging incidence rates we analyzed data from two population-based case-control studies of cancers of the esophagus and gastric cardia that were conducted among male and female residents of western Washington between 1983 and 1990. Information on body mass index, cigarette use, alcohol intake, and other possible risk factors was collected via personal interviews with 404 cases or their next of kin (including 298 adenocarcinomas and 106 squamous cell carcinomas) and 724 controls identified by random digit dialing. Use of alcohol and cigarettes were significant risk factors for both histological types. The increase in risk for current smokers of 80 or more pack-years compared to nonsmokers was substantially higher for squamous cell cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 16.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.1-69.1] than for adenocarcinoma (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.4-8.0), as was the increase for persons who typically drank 21 or more drinks/week compared to those who drank <7/week (OR = 9.5; 95% CI = 4.1-22.3 versus OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.1-3.1). For squamous cell carcinoma, body mass index was inversely associated with risk, whereas for adenocarcinoma, the highest risk was observed among persons who were in the highest decile of body mass index (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1-3.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. A. Abrams, P. C. Lee, J. L. Port, N. K. Altorki, and A. I. Neugut Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Lung Metastasis from Esophageal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2008; 17(10): 2707 - 2713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Blaser Disappearing Microbiota: Helicobacter pylori Protection against Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cancer Prevention Research, October 1, 2008; 1(5): 308 - 311. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Islami and F. Kamangar Helicobacter pylori and Esophageal Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis Cancer Prevention Research, October 1, 2008; 1(5): 329 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Pandeya, G. M. Williams, S. Sadhegi, A. C. Green, P. M. Webb, and D. C. Whiteman Associations of Duration, Intensity, and Quantity of Smoking with Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2008; 168(1): 105 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sadeghi, C. J. Bain, N. Pandeya, P. M. Webb, A. C. Green, D. C. Whiteman, and for the Australian Cancer Study Aspirin, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, and the Risks of Cancers of the Esophagus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2008; 17(5): 1169 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Doecke, Z. Z. Zhao, M. S. Stark, A. C. Green, N. K. Hayward, G. W. Montgomery, P. M. Webb, D. C. Whiteman, and and for the Australian Cancer Study Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Obesity-Related Genes and the Risk of Esophageal Cancers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2008; 17(4): 1007 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. El-Serag Role of obesity in GORD-related disorders Gut, March 1, 2008; 57(3): 281 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D C Whiteman, S Sadeghi, N Pandeya, B M Smithers, D C Gotley, C J Bain, P M Webb, A C Green, and for the Australian Cancer Study Combined effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus Gut, February 1, 2008; 57(2): 173 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Healy, A. M. Ryan, B. Gopinath, S. Rowley, P. J. Byrne, and J. V. Reynolds Impact of obesity on outcomes in the management of localized adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 2007; 134(5): 1284 - 1291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. H H Merry, L. J Schouten, R A. Goldbohm, and P. A van den Brandt Body mass index, height and risk of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia: a prospective cohort study Gut, November 1, 2007; 56(11): 1503 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. D. Freedman, C. C. Abnet, M. F. Leitzmann, T. Mouw, A. F. Subar, A. R. Hollenbeck, and A. Schatzkin A Prospective Study of Tobacco, Alcohol, and the Risk of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Subtypes Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2007; 165(12): 1424 - 1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Chao, C. C. Maley, X. Wu, D. C. Farrow, P. C. Galipeau, C. A. Sanchez, T. G. Paulson, P. S. Rabinovitch, B. J. Reid, M. R. Spitz, et al. Mutagen Sensitivity and Neoplastic Progression in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus: A Prospective Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1935 - 1940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kubo and D. A. Corley Body Mass Index and Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus or Gastric Cardia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 872 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Smith, S. M. O'Brien, B. M. Smithers, D. C. Gotley, P. M. Webb, A. C. Green, D. C. Whiteman, and for the Study of Digestive Health Interactions among Smoking, Obesity, and Symptoms of Acid Reflux in Barrett's Esophagus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2005; 14(11): 2481 - 2486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Kristal, P. L. Blount, J. M. Schenk, C. A. Sanchez, P. S. Rabinovitch, R. D. Odze, J. Standley, T. L. Vaughan, and B. J. Reid Low-Fat, High Fruit and Vegetable Diets and Weight Loss Do Not Affect Biomarkers of Cellular Proliferation in Barrett Esophagus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2005; 14(10): 2377 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Hampel, N. S. Abraham, and H. B. El-Serag Meta-Analysis: Obesity and the Risk for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Its Complications Ann Intern Med, August 2, 2005; 143(3): 199 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. W. Oh, Y. S. Yoon, and S.-A. Shin Effects of Excess Weight on Cancer Incidences Depending on Cancer Sites and Histologic Findings Among Men: Korea National Health Insurance Corporation Study J. Clin. Oncol., July 20, 2005; 23(21): 4742 - 4754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Yao, J. F. Tseng, S. Worah, K. R. Hess, P. F. Mansfield, C. H. Crane, I. I. Schnirer, S. Reddy, S. S. Chiang, A. Najam, et al. Clinicopathologic Behavior of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Hispanic Patients: Analysis of a Single Institution's Experience Over 15 Years J. Clin. Oncol., May 1, 2005; 23(13): 3094 - 3103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bosetti, M. Malvezzi, L. Chatenoud, E. Negri, F. Levi, and C. La Vecchia Trends in cancer mortality in the Americas, 1970-2000 Ann. Onc., March 1, 2005; 16(3): 489 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J Lagergren Adenocarcinoma of oesophagus: what exactly is the size of the problem and who is at risk? Gut, March 1, 2005; 54(suppl_1): i1 - i5. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ishikawa, J. Kitayama, S. Kazama, T. Hiramatsu, K. Hatano, and H. Nagawa Plasma Adiponectin and Gastric Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 466 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H B El-Serag, J A Satia, and L Rabeneck Dietary intake and the risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a cross sectional study in volunteers Gut, January 1, 2005; 54(1): 11 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Koshy, N. Esiashvilli, J. C. Landry, C. R. Thomas Jr., and R. H. Matthews Multiple Management Modalities in Esophageal Cancer: Epidemiology, Presentation and Progression, Work-up, and Surgical Approaches Oncologist, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 137 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. T. McManus, A. Olaru, and S. J. Meltzer Biomarkers of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Barrett's Esophagus Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 64(5): 1561 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Alidina, A. Gaffar, F. Hussain, M. Islam, I. Vaziri, I. Burney, A. Valimohd, and W. Jafri Survival data and prognostic factors seen in Pakistani patients with esophageal cancer Ann. Onc., January 1, 2004; 15(1): 118 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Yokoyama, T. Yokoyama, T. Muramatsu, T. Omori, S. Matsushita, S. Higuchi, K. Maruyama, and H. Ishii Macrocytosis, a new predictor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Japanese alcoholic men Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2003; 24(11): 1773 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. S. Engel, W.-H. Chow, T. L. Vaughan, M. D. Gammon, H. A. Risch, J. L. Stanford, J. B. Schoenberg, S. T. Mayne, R. Dubrow, H. Rotterdam, et al. Population Attributable Risks of Esophageal and Gastric Cancers J Natl Cancer Inst, September 17, 2003; 95(18): 1404 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, and M. J. Thun Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults N. Engl. J. Med., April 24, 2003; 348(17): 1625 - 1638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. T. Mayne and S. A. Navarro Diet, Obesity and Reflux in the Etiology of Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia in Humans J. Nutr., November 1, 2002; 132(11): 3467S - 3470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Chak, T Lee, M F Kinnard, W Brock, A Faulx, J Willis, G S Cooper, M V Sivak Jr, and K A B Goddard Familial aggregation of Barrett's oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma in Caucasian adults Gut, September 1, 2002; 51(3): 323 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. L. Vaughan, A. R. Kristal, P. L. Blount, D. S. Levine, P. C. Galipeau, L. J. Prevo, C. A. Sanchez, P. S. Rabinovitch, and B. J. Reid Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use, Body Mass Index, and Anthropometry in Relation to Genetic and Flow Cytometric Abnormalities in Barrett's Esophagus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2002; 11(8): 745 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W H Allum, S M Griffin, A Watson, and D Colin-Jones Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer Gut, June 1, 2002; 50 (2007): v1 - v23. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A Corley and P. A Buffler Oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: analysis of regional variation using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents database Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2001; 30(6): 1415 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. T. Mayne, H. A. Risch, R. Dubrow, W.-H. Chow, M. D. Gammon, T. L. Vaughan, D. C. Farrow, J. B. Schoenberg, J. L. Stanford, H. Ahsan, et al. Nutrient Intake and Risk of Subtypes of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2001; 10(10): 1055 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Botterweck, L. J Schouten, A. Volovics, E. Dorant, and P. A van den Brandt Trends in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in ten European countries Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2000; 29(4): 645 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Lagergren, R. Bergstrom, and O. Nyren Association between Body Mass and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia Ann Intern Med, June 1, 1999; 130(11): 883 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Vecchia, S. Franceschi, A. Favero, R. Talamini, E. Negri, K K Cheng, C Cummins, R Maric, V. Reed, R. Fitzgerald, et al. Alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract BMJ, May 8, 1999; 318(7193): 1289b - 1289. [Full Text]

				S. S. Devesa and J. F. Fraumeni , Jr. The Rising Incidence of Gastric Cardia Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, May 5, 1999; 91(9): 747 - 749. [Full Text] [PDF]