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Specific Infections, Infection-Related Behavior, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Adults

¹ National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; ² Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, Queensland Cancer Fund, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; ³ Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; ⁴ University of York, York, United Kingdom; ⁵ School of Public Health, University of Sydney; and ⁶ St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Requests for reprints: Claire M. Vajdic, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Level 2/376 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia. Phone: 61-2-9385-0900; Fax: 61-2-9385-0920. E-mail: cvajdic{at}nchecr.unsw.edu.au

Infections were examined as possible risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a population-based case-control study in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Incident cases (n = 694) had no history of HIV infection or transplantation. Controls (n = 694) were randomly selected from electoral rolls and frequency matched to cases by age, sex, and area of residence. A postal questionnaire and telephone interview measured history of specific infections, occupational exposures, and behavioral and other risk factors for infection. Blood samples were tested for antibodies to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I and hepatitis C virus. Logistic regression models included the three matching variables and ethnicity. There was no association between risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and any of the variables analyzed, including sexually transmitted infections, sexual behavior, blood transfusions, influenza, acne, and either occupational or domestic exposure to zoonotic infections. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was nonsignificantly elevated (odds ratio, 2.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-11.51) for those with a history of injecting drug use. Three cases and two controls (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-7.98) tested positive to hepatitis C virus infection and none tested positive to human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II infection. This study provides consistent evidence that sexually transmitted infections and zoonoses are not risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(6):1102–8)

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