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Obesity, Diabetes, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial

¹ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; ² Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; ³ Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; ⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; ⁵ Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Lady Davis Research Institute of the Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ⁶ Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas

Requests for reprints: Zhihong Gong, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109-1024. Phone: 206-667-7689; Fax: 206-667-7850, E-mail: zgong{at}fhcrc.org

Studies on the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer incidence are inconsistent. In part, this inconsistency may be due to a differential effect of obesity on low-grade and high-grade cancer or confounding of the association of obesity with prostate cancer risk by diabetes. We investigated the associations of obesity and diabetes with low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer risk. Data were from 10,258 participants (1,936 prostate cancers) in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial who all had cancer presence or absence determined by prostate biopsy. Multiple logistic regression was used to model the risk of total prostate cancer, and polytomous logistic regression was used to model the risk of low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer. Compared with men with body mass index < 25, obese men (body mass index 30) had an 18% [odds ratio (OR), 0.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.69-0.98] decreased risk of low-grade prostate cancer (Gleason <7) and a 29% (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.01-1.67) increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason 7) or, alternatively, a 78% (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.10-2.87) increased risk defining high-grade cancer as Gleason sum 8 to 10. Diabetes was associated with a 47% (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.34-0.83) reduced risk of low-grade prostate cancer and a 28% (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.94) reduced risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Associations of obesity or diabetes with cancer risk were not substantially changed by mutually statistical controlling for each other. Obesity increases the risk of high-grade but decreases the risk of low-grade prostate cancer, and this relationship is independent of the lower risk for prostate cancer among men with diabetes. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(10):1977–83)

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