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Comparison of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Hormone Levels among Men in Singapore and the United States

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ² University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; ³ Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; and ⁴ Cancer Etiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

Requests for reprints: Iona Cheng, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Room 4423, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9175. Phone: 323-865-0412. E-mail: ionachen{at}usc.edu

Prostate cancer incidence rates markedly vary between countries. The highest rates of prostate cancer are observed in Western countries such as the United States, whereas the lowest rates are seen in Asian countries such as Singapore. To gain an understanding of the difference in prostate cancer burden between low-risk and high-risk populations, we examined serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among Singapore-Chinese men (n = 315) from the Singapore Chinese Health Study and African-American (n = 440), U.S. White (n = 355), U.S. Latino (n = 523), and Japanese-American (n = 349) men from the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study. All men had no history of prostate cancer at the time of blood draw. PSA measurements were assayed by one centralized diagnostic facility. Testosterone and 3-androstanediol glucuronide levels were examined in a subsample of men. Scheffe's multiple comparison tests were used to evaluate differences in PSA and hormone levels between groups. PSA levels among the Singapore-Chinese (geometric mean = 1.43 ng/mL) were similar to that of African-Americans (1.46 ng/mL), U.S. Whites (1.28 ng/mL), and Japanese-Americans (1.22 ng/mL) and significantly higher than U.S. Latinos (1.18 ng/mL; P = 0.038). Although there was a strong correlation (R² = 0.89) between PSA levels and U.S. ethnic group–specific prostate cancer incidence rates before PSA screening (1983-1987), the levels among the Singapore-Chinese completely failed to relate to their low incidence rate. Testosterone and 3-androstanediol glucuronide levels did not reflect racial/ethnic patterns of disease. Our results highlight a potentially large group of Singapore-Chinese men with undiagnosed prostate cancer. Given that the overall mortality rate of prostate cancer in Singapore is low, these undiagnosed cancers may be of nonaggressive type. Alternatively, PSA may be a poor marker of prostate cancer in this low-risk population.

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