This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Stagnaro, E. Articles by Vineis, P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Stagnaro, E. Articles by Vineis, P.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Type of Tobacco Smoke

¹ Department of Environmental Epidemiology, National Cancer Research Institute, Genoa, Italy; ² Cancer Registry, Ragusa, Italy; ³ Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Scientific Directorate, Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy; ⁴ Epidemiology Unit, National Cancer Research Institute, Milan, Italy; ⁵ Local Health Unit, Novara, Italy; ⁶ Center for Study and Prevention of Cancer, Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence Italy; ⁷ Cancer Institute of Romagna, Forli, Italy; ⁸ National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy; ⁹ Osservatorio di Qualità, Agenzia Regionale di Sanita Toscana, Firenze, Italy; ¹⁰ Pathology Institute, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and ¹¹ Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Requests for reprints: Emanuele Stagnaro, Department of Environmental Epidemiology, National Cancer Research Institute, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy. Phone: 39-10-5600958; Fax: 39-10-5600501. E-mail: emanuele.stagnaro{at}istge.it

Background: In recent decades, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has increased in all industrialized countries. Tobacco smoke contains several recognized or putative carcinogenic compounds that differ in concentration depending on which of the two main types, blond or black, is consumed. This investigation sought to evaluate the association between NHL and type of tobacco smoked (blond, black, or mixed), focusing on the Working Formulation (WF) subgroups. Methods: Reanalysis of Italian data from a recent multicenter population-based case-control study. The 1450 cases of NHL and 1779 healthy controls from 11 Italian areas with different demographic and productive characteristics were included in the study, corresponding to 7 million residents. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for age, gender, residence area, educational level, and type of interview were estimated by unconditional logistic regression model. Results: A statistically significant association [OR = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.7] was found for blond tobacco exposure and NHL risk. A dose-response relationship was limited to men younger than 52 years (² for trend = 9.95, P < 0.001). Subjects starting smoking at an early age showed a higher risk in men younger than 65 years, whereas no clear trend was evident for the other age and gender subgroups. The analysis by WF categories showed the highest risks for follicular lymphoma in blond (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.4–3.2) and mixed (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0) tobacco smokers and for large cell within the other WF group (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.4) only for blond tobacco. Conclusion: Smoking blond tobacco could be a risk factor for NHL, especially follicular lymphoma.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. Nieters, S. Rohrmann, N. Becker, J. Linseisen, T. Ruediger, K. Overvad, A. Tjonneland, A. Olsen, N. E. Allen, R. C. Travis, et al. Smoking and Lymphoma Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2008; 167(9): 1081 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. C.-H. Chiu, B. J. Dave, A. Blair, S. M. Gapstur, J. S. Chmiel, A. J. Fought, S. H. Zahm, and D. D. Weisenburger Cigarette Smoking, Familial Hematopoietic Cancer, Hair Dye Use, and Risk of t(14;18)-defined Subtypes of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2007; 165(6): 652 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Ekstrom Smedby, C. M. Lindgren, H. Hjalgrim, K. Humphreys, C. Schollkopf, E. T. Chang, G. Roos, L. P. Ryder, K. I. Falk, J. Palmgren, et al. Variation in DNA Repair Genes ERCC2, XRCC1, and XRCC3 and Risk of Follicular Lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 258 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Morton, P. Hartge, T. R. Holford, E. A. Holly, B. C.H. Chiu, P. Vineis, E. Stagnaro, E. V. Willett, S. Franceschi, C. La Vecchia, et al. Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Pooled Analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 925 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]