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Departments of 1 Medicine, 2 Radiology, and 3 Epidemiology and Biostatistics and 4 General Internal Medicine Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco and 5 California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
Requests for reprints: Elad Ziv, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, 1635 Divisadero Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 04115. Phone: 415-353-9755; Fax: 415-353-9865. E-mail: eziv{at}itsa.ucsf.edu
Background: The density of breast tissue on a mammogram is a strong predictor of breast cancer risk and may reflect cumulative estrogen effect on breast tissue. Endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure increases the risk of estrogen receptor (ER)–positive breast cancer. We determined if mammographic density is associated more strongly with ER-positive breast cancer than with ER-negative breast cancer.
Methods: We analyzed data from 44,811 participants in the San Francisco Mammography Registry of whom 701 developed invasive breast cancer. Mammographic density was measured using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification system (1 = almost entirely fat, 2 = scattered fibroglandular, 3 = heterogeneously dense, 4 = extremely dense). We tested for associations between mammographic density and ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer separately. Analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of breast cancer, menopausal status, parity, and race/ethnicity.
Results: Mammographic density was strongly associated with both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. Compared with women with BI-RADS 2, women with BI-RADS 1 (lowest density) had a lower risk of ER-positive cancer [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.28; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.16-0.50] and ER-negative cancer (adjusted HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04-0.70). Women with BI-RADS 4 (highest density) had an increased risk of ER-positive breast cancer (adjusted HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.64-3.04) and an increased risk of ER-negative breast cancer (adjusted HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.16-4.18).
Conclusion: Surprisingly, women with high mammographic density have an increased risk of both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancers. The association between mammographic density and breast cancer may be due to factors besides estrogen exposure.
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