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Prostate-Specific Antigen and Free Prostate-Specific Antigen in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Do Combination Tests Improve Detection?

¹ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; ² Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; ³ Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and ⁴ Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts

Requests for reprints: Ruth Etzioni, Program in Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M2-B230, Seattle, WA 98109-1024. Phone: 206-667-6561; Fax: 206-667-7004. E-mail: retzioni{at}fhcrc.org.

Background: The combined use of free and total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in early detection of prostate cancer has been controversial. This article systematically evaluates the discriminating capacity of a large number of combination tests. Methods: Free and total PSA were analyzed in stored serum samples taken prior to diagnosis in 429 cases and 1,640 controls from the Physicians' Health Study. We used a classification algorithm called logic regression to search for clinically useful tests combining total and percent free PSA and receiver operating characteristic analysis and compared these tests with those based on total and complexed PSA. Data were divided into training and test subsets. For robustness, we considered 35 test-train splits of the original data and computed receiver operating characteristic curves for each test data set. Results: The average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve across test data sets was 0.74 for total PSA and 0.76 for the combination tests. Combination tests with higher sensitivity and specificity than PSA > 4.0 ng/mL were identified 29 out of 35 times. All these tests extended the PSA reflex range to below 4.0 ng/mL. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the overall diagnostic performance as expressed by the area under the curve did not differ significantly for the different tests. Conclusions: Tests combining total and percent free PSA show modest overall improvements over total PSA. However, utilization of percent free PSA below a PSA threshold of 4 ng/mL could translate into a practically important reduction in unnecessary biopsies without sacrificing cancers detected.

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