This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Slattery, M. L. Articles by Neuhausen, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Slattery, M. L. Articles by Neuhausen, S.

Associations between Smoking, Passive Smoking, GSTM-1, NAT2, and Rectal Cancer¹

Health Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108 [M. L. S., S. E., K. C.]; Kaiser Permanent Medical Care Program, Division of Research, Oakland, California [D. S.]; and University of California, Irvine, California [S. N.]

Cigarette smoking has been identified as a risk factor for colon cancer, however, much less is known about the association between cigarette smoking and rectal cancer. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the associations between rectal cancer and active and passive cigarette smoking and other forms of tobacco use. We also evaluate how genetic variants of GSTM-1 and NAT2 alter these associations. A population-based case-control study of 952 incident rectal cancer cases and 1205 controls was conducted. Detailed tobacco use information was collected as part of an interviewer-administered questionnaire. DNA was extracted from blood to examine genetic variants of GSTM-1 and NAT2. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of rectal cancer in men [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–2.1 for current smokers; OR = 1.7, 95% CI, 1.3–2.3 for smoking >20 pack-years of cigarettes relative to never-smokers]. After adjusting for active smoking, exposure to cigarette smoke of others also was associated with increased risk among men (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1.1–2.0). Neither GSTM-1 genotype nor NAT2-imputed phenotype was independently associated with rectal cancer. However, the risk associated with smoking cigarettes among those who were GSTM-1 null relative to those who never smoked and had the GSTM-1 present genotype was OR = 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2–3.3). This interaction was of borderline significance (P = 0.08). Men who had the combined GSTM-1 present genotype and who were rapid acetylators had no increased risk from cigarette smoking. There were no significant associations between cigarette smoking and rectal cancer among women. This study shows that men who smoke cigarettes, especially those who smoke >20 pack-years, are at increased risk of rectal cancer. This association may be influenced by GSTM-1 genotype. Furthermore, exposure to cigarette smoke of others may increase risk of rectal cancer among men who do not smoke.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				E. D. Paskett, K. W. Reeves, T. E. Rohan, M. A. Allison, C. D. Williams, C. R. Messina, E. Whitlock, A. Sato, and J. R. Hunt Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Colorectal Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative J Natl Cancer Inst, November 21, 2007; 99(22): 1729 - 1735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Lilla, E. Verla-Tebit, A. Risch, B. Jager, M. Hoffmeister, H. Brenner, and J. Chang-Claude Effect of NAT1 and NAT2 Genetic Polymorphisms on Colorectal Cancer Risk Associated with Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Meat Consumption Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2006; 15(1): 99 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bose, H. Zhang, K. B. Udupa, and P. Chowdhury Activation of p-ERK1/2 by nicotine in pancreatic tumor cell line AR42J: effects on proliferation and secretion Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): G926 - G934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Luchtenborg, M. P. Weijenberg, E. Kampman, G. N. van Muijen, G. M. J. M. Roemen, M. P. A. Zeegers, R. A. Goldbohm, P. van 't Veer, A. F. P. M. de Goeij, and P. A. van den Brandt Cigarette Smoking and Colorectal Cancer: APC Mutations, hMLH1 Expression, and GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2005; 161(9): 806 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Murtaugh, C. Sweeney, K.-n. Ma, B. J. Caan, and M. L. Slattery The CYP1A1 Genotype May Alter the Association of Meat Consumption Patterns and Preparation with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men and Women J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 179 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Y. Shin, W. K.K. Wu, Y.-N. Ye, W. H.L. So, M. W.L. Koo, E. S.L. Liu, J.-C. Luo, and C.-H. Cho Nicotine promotes gastric tumor growth and neovascularization by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2004; 25(12): 2487 - 2495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. Slattery, W. Samowtiz, K. Ma, M. Murtaugh, C. Sweeney, T. R. Levin, and S. Neuhausen CYP1A1, Cigarette Smoking, and Colon and Rectal Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2004; 160(9): 842 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Murtaugh, K.-n. Ma, C. Sweeney, B. J. Caan, and M. L. Slattery Meat Consumption Patterns and Preparation, Genetic Variants of Metabolic Enzymes, and Their Association with Rectal Cancer in Men and Women J. Nutr., April 1, 2004; 134(4): 776 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]