This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Anderson, K. E. Articles by Hecht, S. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Anderson, K. E. Articles by Hecht, S. S.

Metabolites of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Nonsmoking Casino Patrons

¹ Division of Epidemiology, ² Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Epidemiologic data have shown increased risks of lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We measured biomarkers in urine samples from nonsmokers before and after a 4-h visit to a casino where smoking is allowed. The tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, NNK [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone] is a constituent of ETS. Urinary metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), are excellent biomarkers of human uptake of NNK and NNAL. NNAL, as with NNK, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen. Subjects collected a spot urine sample before the casino visit and all urine samples for the 24-h period starting after the visit. We analyzed samples for creatinine, total cotinine (cotinine and cotinine-glucuronide), and total NNAL (NNAL plus NNAL-Gluc). Paired samples showed statistically significant mean increases in total cotinine (0.044 nmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.0001) and total NNAL (0.018 pmol/mg creatinine, P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that exposure of nonsmokers to ETS in a commercial setting results in uptake of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. J. Stark, K. Rohde, J. E. Maher, B. A. Pizacani, C. W. Dent, R. Bard, S. G. Carmella, A. R. Benoit, N. M. Thomson, and S. S. Hecht The Impact of Clean Indoor Air Exemptions and Preemption Policies on the Prevalence of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen Among Nonsmoking Bar and Restaurant Workers Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1457 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Hecht, S. G. Carmella, K.-A. Le, S. E. Murphy, A. J. Boettcher, C. Le, J. Koopmeiners, L. An, and D. J. Hennrikus 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides in the urine of infants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 988 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Lubin and N. E. Caporaso Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: modeling total exposure and intensity. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2006; 15(3): 517 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. E. Tulunay, S. S. Hecht, S. G. Carmella, Y. Zhang, C. Lemmonds, S. Murphy, and D. K. Hatsukami Urinary Metabolites of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Nonsmoking Hospitality Workers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2005; 14(5): 1283 - 1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]