This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Swan, G. E. Articles by Cheng, L. S-C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Swan, G. E. Articles by Cheng, L. S-C.

Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Tobacco Use

Methodology for a Multidisciplinary, Longitudinal Family-Based Investigation¹

Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025 [G. E. S., K. S. H., L. M. J., K. H., D. C., T. V. K., H. Z. R.]; Oregon Research Institute, Oregon 94703 [H. H., J. A. A., E. T., D. M.]; Division of Pharmacology [N. B., C. W.] and Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 and Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California 94608 [K. C. W., H. S. F.]; Gallo Institute [K. C. W., H. S. F.], Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304 [B. K., L. C., J. I.]; and City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010 [L. S-C. C.]

This article describes the ongoing collaborative effort of six research teams to operationalize and execute an integrative approach to the study of gene x environment interactions in the development of tobacco dependence. At the core of the project is a longitudinal investigation of social and behavioral risk factors for tobacco use in individuals who were, on average, 13 years of age at intake and for whom smoking outcomes extending from early adolescence to young adulthood have been characterized previously (current average age of the cohort is 29 years). The conceptual framework for the integrative approach and the longitudinal investigation on which the study is based is presented. A description is also provided of the methods used to: (a) recruit participants and families to provide DNA samples and information on tobacco use; (b) assess participants for relevant tobacco-related phenotypes including smoking history, current use of tobacco, and nicotine metabolism; (c) assess the quality of the DNA samples collected from participants for genome-wide scanning and candidate gene analysis; (d) examine several research questions concerning the role of genetic and environmental factors in the onset and maintenance of tobacco use; and (e) ensure adherence to local and federal guidelines for ethical and legal investigations of genotypic associations with tobacco-related phenotypes in families. This investigation is unique among ongoing studies of the genetics of tobacco dependence in the extent to which equal importance has been assigned to both phenotypic and genotypic measurements.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. D. Morgan, C. L. Backinger, and S. J. Leischow The Future of Tobacco-Control Research Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2007; 16(6): 1077 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X.-Y. Lou, J. Z. Ma, D. Sun, T. J. Payne, and M. D. Li Fine mapping of a linkage region on chromosome 17p13 reveals that GABARAP and DLG4 are associated with vulnerability to nicotine dependence in European-Americans Hum. Mol. Genet., January 15, 2007; 16(2): 142 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Audrain-McGovern, D. Rodriguez, E. P. Wileyto, K. H. Schmitz, and P. G. Shields Effect of team sport participation on genetic predisposition to adolescent smoking progression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 63(4): 433 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Z. Ma, J. Beuten, T. J. Payne, R. T. Dupont, R. C. Elston, and M. D. Li Haplotype analysis indicates an association between the DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) gene and nicotine dependence Hum. Mol. Genet., June 15, 2005; 14(12): 1691 - 1698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Li, J. Beuten, J. Z. Ma, T. J. Payne, X.-Y. Lou, V. Garcia, A. S. Duenes, K. M. Crews, and R. C. Elston Ethnic- and gender-specific association of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor {alpha}4 subunit gene (CHRNA4) with nicotine dependence Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2005; 14(9): 1211 - 1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Spitz, X. Wu, and G. Mills Integrative Epidemiology: From Risk Assessment to Outcome Prediction J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2005; 23(2): 267 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]