This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Holmes, M. D. Articles by Hankinson, S. E. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Holmes, M. D. Articles by Hankinson, S. E.

Lifestyle Correlates of Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations¹

Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [M. D. H., S. E. H.]; Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3T1E2 Canada [M. N. P.]; and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [S. E. H.]

Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) have been associated with risk of a number of cancers and other diseases. We examined the cross-sectional association of plasma IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels with age, smoking, physical activity, and reproductive and menopausal factors in 1037 healthy women. Adjusted least-square mean hormone levels across categories of lifestyle factors were calculated by linear regression. Age was inversely associated with IGF-I levels. In multivariate analyses, a higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with higher IGFBP-3 levels (BMI <21 versus 29 kg/m², 3879 versus 4080 ng/ml; P for trend = 0.01). Current use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with a lower IGF-I, with oral estrogen being associated with the lowest levels (non-use of HRT versus oral estrogen + progesterone versus oral estrogen: 181 versus 143 versus 116 ng/ml; P for all comparisons 0.005). Higher parity was also associated with lower levels of IGF-I (no pregnancies versus 4: 212 versus 180 ng/ml; P for trend = 0.003). We conclude that age and HRT use, particularly oral estrogen alone, were inversely associated with IGF-I levels. BMI was positively associated with IGFBP-3 levels. This is the first report of an inverse association of circulating IGF-I levels with parity. This association may represent one mechanism by which parity exerts its protective effect on some cancers.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. M. Martin, D. Gunnell, E. Whitley, A. Nicolaides, M. Griffin, N. Georgiou, G. Davey Smith, S. Ebrahim, and J. M. P. Holly Associations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 with Ultrasound Measures of Atherosclerosis and Plaque Stability in an Older Adult Population J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2008; 93(4): 1331 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Freedland and E. A. Platz Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Making Sense out of Apparently Conflicting Data Epidemiol. Rev., May 3, 2007; (2007) mxm006v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Berrigan, N. Potischman, K. W. Dodd, M. Nicar, G. McQuillan, J. A. Lavigne, J. C. Barrett, and R. Ballard-Barbash Serum Levels of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Binding Protein-3: Quality Control for Studies of Stored Serum Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2007; 16(5): 1017 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Bremnes, G. Ursin, N. Bjurstam, S. Rinaldi, R. Kaaks, and I. T. Gram Insulin-like Growth Factor and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Norwegian Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2007; 16(1): 57 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Lukanova, P. Toniolo, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, K. Grankvist, M. Wulff, A. A. Arslan, Y. Afanasyeva, R. Johansson, P. Lenner, G. Hallmans, et al. Insulin-like Growth Factor I in Pregnancy and Maternal Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2006; 15(12): 2489 - 2493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. I. Okereke, J. H. Kang, J. Ma, J. M. Gaziano, and F. Grodstein Midlife Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and Cognitive Function in Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2006; 91(11): 4306 - 4312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Martin, J. M. P. Holly, G. Davey Smith, and D. Gunnell Associations of Adiposity from Childhood into Adulthood with Insulin Resistance and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System: 65-Year Follow-Up of the Boyd Orr Cohort J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3287 - 3295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Rogers, C. Metcalfe, D. Gunnell, P. Emmett, D. Dunger, J. Holly, and and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Chi Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Growth in Height, Leg Length, and Trunk Length between Ages 5 and 10 Years J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2514 - 2519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Cleveland, M. D. Gammon, S. N. Edmiston, S. L. Teitelbaum, J. A. Britton, M. B. Terry, S. M. Eng, A. I. Neugut, R. M. Santella, and K. Conway IGF1 CA repeat polymorphisms, lifestyle factors and breast cancer risk in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2006; 27(4): 758 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. dos Santos Silva, N. Johnson, B. De Stavola, G. Torres-Mejia, O. Fletcher, D. S. Allen, N. E. Allen, T. J. Key, I. S. Fentiman, J. M.P. Holly, et al. The insulin-like growth factor system and mammographic features in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2006; 15(3): 449 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-Y. Lee, Y. S. Chang, J.-Y. Han, D. D. Liu, J. J. Lee, R. Lotan, M. R. Spitz, and W. K. Hong Effects of 9-cis-Retinoic Acid on the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Former Smokers J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2005; 23(19): 4439 - 4449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Morimoto, P. A. Newcomb, E. White, J. Bigler, and J. D. Potter Variation in Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3: Genetic Factors Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1394 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Fletcher, L. Gibson, N. Johnson, D. R. Altmann, J. M.P. Holly, A. Ashworth, J. Peto, and I. d. S. Silva Polymorphisms and Circulating Levels in the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 2 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. F. Jarrard Does Zinc Supplementation Increase the Risk of Prostate Cancer? Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 2005; 123(1): 102 - 103. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. C. van Dijk, L. J. Schouten, L. A. L. M. Kiemeney, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. van den Brandt Relation of Height, Body Mass, Energy Intake, and Physical Activity to Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2004; 160(12): 1159 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. DeLellis, S. Rinaldi, R. J. Kaaks, L. N. Kolonel, B. Henderson, and L. Le Marchand Dietary and Lifestyle Correlates of Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3): The Multiethnic Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2004; 13(9): 1444 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Ren, Q. Cai, X.-O. Shu, H. Cai, C. Li, H. Yu, Y.-T. Gao, and W. Zheng Genetic Polymorphisms in the IGFBP3 Gene: Association with Breast Cancer Risk and Blood IGFBP-3 Protein Levels among Chinese Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2004; 13(8): 1290 - 1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon, P. Limburg, M. Pollak, P. R. Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-1, IGF-Binding Protein-3, and Pancreatic Cancer in Male Smokers Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2004; 13(3): 438 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. S. Sandhu, J. M. Gibson, A. H. Heald, D. B. Dunger, and N. J. Wareham Association between Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I: Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 Ratio and Metabolic and Anthropometric Factors in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 166 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gunnell, S. E. Oliver, J. L. Donovan, T. J. Peters, D. Gillatt, R. Persad, F. C. Hamdy, D. E. Neal, and J. M. P. Holly Do Height-Related Variations in Insulin-Like Growth Factors Underlie the Associations of Stature with Adult Chronic Disease? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 213 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. M. Probst-Hensch, H. Wang, V. H. H. Goh, A. Seow, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Determinants of Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations in a Cohort of Singapore Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 739 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. G. Skinner, D. S. Michaud, G. A. Colditz, E. L. Giovannucci, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and C. S. Fuchs Parity, Reproductive Factors, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2003; 12(5): 433 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]