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Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
The repair of damaged DNA requires the function of multiple proteins in generally damage-specific, nonredundant pathways. The relationship of DNA repair to cancer susceptibility is obvious in "cancer families," in which low frequency, high penetrance, loss-of-function variant alleles of genes with roles in the repair of damaged DNA have been associated with a high risk of disease. More important for the cancer incidence in the general population, many individuals exhibit reduced (60–75% of normal) repair capacity phenotypes that have been associated with several-fold increases in individual cancer risk. In a program to identify the molecular basis for the variation in repair capacity and the elevated cancer susceptibility, we have identified 127 amino acid substitution variants in resequencing 37 DNA repair genes in 36–164 unrelated individuals. Over 50% of the substitutions are exchanges of amino acid residues with dissimilar physical or chemical properties, at sites at which the common residue is identical in the human and mouse proteins. Five additional sequence changes resulting in proteins with altered termination of translation and one amino acid insertion variant were detected. The variant allele frequencies average 0.047, with individual variant allele frequencies ranging from <0.01 to 0.43. Homozygous variant individuals and individuals with multiple amino acid substitutions in a gene were observed. Most individuals exhibited variation in multiple genes in a repair pathway. Ten variant alleles accounted for 52% of the genetic variation among individuals, but a striking 23% of the total variation is associated with 108 variants with allele frequencies of less than 5%. Screening generally healthy individuals generates a catalogue of common variants that is a resource for molecular epidemiology studies endeavoring to use a genotype to phenotype paradigm to estimate the role of genetic variation and individual susceptibility in disease risk from environmental and lifestyle exposures in the general population of the United States.
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